Background: Excessive intake of fluoride may result in the development of cardiotixicity in the rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible cardioprotective effect of the garlic (G) on sodium fluoride (NaF)treated rats. Methods: Twenty-four male albino rats (100-120 g), 2 months old, were equally divided into control, NaF, G, and NaF + G groups. Group 1 was control group, the animals without any treatment. Group 2 was administrated with NaF orally (10 mg/kg BWT) daily. Group 3 received orally G alone (63 mg/kg BWT) daily. Group 4 was administrated with NaF + G at the same time (with the same previous doses) daily. The experimental period was for 4 weeks. Results: NaF significantly elevated the levels of serum creatinine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Aalanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Also, there was a significant increase in the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) fractions, and the atherogenic effect (the mean ratios of TC/LDL-c and LDL-c/ (high-density lipoprotein) HDL-c), whereas a significant decrease in HDL-c occurred in the NaF-treated group compared with the control animals. The treatment with G+NaF ameliorated all the biochemical parameters tested. Conclusion: These results indicate that garlic has a cardioprotective effect against NaF cardiotoxicity.

This study was carried out to investigate the modulating effect of Lipidium sativum (LS) seeds aqueous extract consumption against sodium nitrite (SN) that induced the nephrotoxicity in male rats. Rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 (control): without any treatment; group 2: injected with a single dose of SN (50 mg/kg body weight) 24 h prior to decapitation intraperitoneally (i.p.); group 3: given orally 300 mg/kg body weight of LS for four weeks; group 4: treated orally with LS for four weeks, then injected with a single dose of SN, at 24 h prior to decapitation (i.p.) with the same doses. The results showed that, the treatment with sodium nitrite revealed a significantly increase in the levels of sodium, chloride, total calcium, ionized calcium, urea, creatinine and uric acid comparing to the control group. In respect to serum potassium, there is a significant decrease when compared to the control group. Also, the kidney tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly increased. But the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and Catalase (CAT) enzymes were markedly decreased. The pre-treatment with LS before the injection of SN improved the harmful effects of SN caused in the serum levels of the biochemical parameters tested and the concentrations of GSH, SOD, CAT and TBARS in the kidney tissue comparing to SN-treated rats. It could be concluded that Lipidium sativum seeds act as a natural substance for ameliorating the alterations in serum electrolytes, kidney function and oxidative damage induced by sodium nitrite in the kidney tissue.

Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals.

The present work was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the orlistat drug on some hormones and biochemical parameters in male rats received a high fat diet (HFD). Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: 1st group administered normal diet, 2 nd group administered HFD, the 3rd group administered HFD plus 9.5 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat, and the 4th group administered HFD diet plus 19 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat. The experimental period was for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained for biochemical and hormonal assays. The administration of HFD for four weeks increased significantly the weight gain, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), glucose, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), leptin, with the significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), ghrelin, thyrotropin (TSH) and testosterone hormones in the serum as compared with the control group. The treatment with orlistat neutralized the levels of the measured parameters as compared with HFD fed rats and the results were correlated with the dose of orlistat. In conclusion, an improvement was observed in the biochemical and hormonal results by the treatment with orlistat drug.

Copper is an essential element for normal functioning of the organisms (Krupanidhi et al., 2008). It is required for normal growth, development, as a complementary of cytochrome system (Kodama and Fujisawa, 2009), and it used as food additives. Also, it is one of the key trace minerals required for an effective immune response. The functions of copper ensure electron-transfer catalysis through its two attainable oxidation states (Georgopoulos et al., 2001). Copper salts are used as fungicides, pesticides, and algicides (Mladenović et al., 2014). The exposure to copper might be through dermal contact with air, water, and soil that contains copper, inhalation, and consumption of water and food (Lee et al., 2016). Copper absorbed in the stomach and the upper intestine then reaches the liver in the form of a complex ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACTArticle History