Dear Readers, We have completed our book thanks to our friends who do valuable studies in the light of science. The concept of health, which continues to be important in every age, has once again revealed its importance with the covid-19 epidemic that has affected the world for the last few years and the earthquake disaster that our country has experienced deeply. We, the healthcare professionals who believe in the continuity of education, think that societies equipped with knowledge and using intelligence and evidence-based knowledge will pass the health exams with much less injury and loss. For this reason, the aim of the book for us is to shed some light on future studies and to illuminate the darkness by warning its readers through the known information and unknowns in it. We hope that our presented book will be easy to understand and will open new horizons for all humanity as well as supporting scientists from faculties of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine. I would like to thank the scientists working in the health sciences and our team of authors who supported our book. Dr. Enes Karaman

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Early diagnosis and effective treatment of thyroid diseases during pregnancy are the greatest priority. A delay in treatment can have severe adverse effects on the mother and unborn child.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and T4 levels are checked as the first test to evaluate thyroid function during pregnancy. TSH levels are elevated, and T4 levels are depleted in hypothyroidism. About 2.5% of pregnant women experience it. Hypothyroidism, if left untreated, can cause neurological issues and developmental delays. 0.1-0.4% of pregnant women have hyperthyroidism. Graves' disease accounts for 80-85% of cases in pregnant women. Functional adenoma, thyroiditis, and thyrotoxicosis factitia are additional causes of hyperthyroidism in pregnant women besides Graves' disease (use of high-dose thyroxine hormone). Abortion, pre-eclampsia, premature birth, retardation in the baby's normal development, and intrauterine fetal death are possible outcomes if a pregnant woman with hyperthyroidism is not treated effectively.Levothyroxine (LT4), used in treating hypothyroidism in pregnant women, should be started as soon as possible. During the follow-up period, it is appropriate to measure TSH every 6-8 weeks after the initiation of treatment. TSH levels should be maintained between 0.5 and 2.5 mU/L during the first trimester of pregnancy and between 0.5 and 2.5 mU/L during the second and third trimesters.Medical therapy is the first line of treatment for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. The goal of treatment is to maintain a serum fT4 level close to the upper limit of average values using the smallest effective dose of antithyroid medication. Due to potential side effects, treatment with propylthiouracil is preferred among antithyroid drugs. Propylthiouracil can be started at 100–150 mg per day. With 4-6 weeks of follow-up, the serum fT4 level to be used in the follow-up should be checked.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is an antipyretic and analgesic drug that can be bought and used without a prescrip- tion worldwide. A dosage of APAP greater than the maximum recommended dosage can increase the risk of organ damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are isolated from various human tissues and used for therapy, in which beneficial effects are attributed mainly to mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). However, no study has focused on the protective effect of exosomes in combination with APAP. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of taking exosomes against APAP toxicity on the fallopian tubes and uterus. Forty female Wistar albino rats (12–14 weeks old) were randomly divided into four equal groups: control, APAP (received 1 g/kg APAP), exosome (received 30 μg of exosomes), and APAP+exosome groups that received simultane- ously 1 g/kg APAP and were followed three days later by a tail vein injection 30 μg of exosomes. The uterus and fallo- pian tubes were removed for histological and immunohistochemical analyses after the animals were sacrificed. The results showed that exosomes' administration after APAP decreased APAP's autophagic effects. Moreover, exosome treatment exhibited a protective effect on the immunoreactivity intensities of autuphagy markers (Beclin-1, p62, and LC3). The treatments with exosomes had no adverse effect on the uterus or fallopian tubes. The administration of exo- somes after APAP toxicity can decrease cell death through the autophagy effect of APAP. It is suggested that this com- pound can decrease the toxic effects of APAP. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular mechanism of this hyperanalgesic effect.