Monitoring the levels of cellular and humoral immunological parameters together with assessing PELOD and PRISM III scores can significantly affect prognosis and survival of septic children.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is of great interest as a source of stem cells for use in cellular therapies. The immunomodulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originating from bone marrow, adipose tissue and amniotic membrane has previously been reported. In this study, MSCs were isolated from UCB with the aim of evaluating their immunomodulatory effects on proliferation of PB lymphocytes by two different techniques; namely, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine ELISA and a carboxy fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester flow cytometric technique. MSCs were isolated from UCB, propagated until Passage four, and then characterized for cell surface markers by flow cytometry and ability to differentiate towards osteocytes and adipocytes. Immunosuppressive effects on PB lymphocytes were examined by co-culturing mitomycin C-treated UCB MSCs with mitogenstimulated lymphocytes for 72 hr. Thereafter, proliferation of lymphocytes was detected by CFSE flow cytometry and colorimetric ELISA. The titers of cytokines in cell culture supernatant were also assayed to clarify possible mechanisms of immunomodulation. UCB MSCs suppressed mitogenstimulated lymphocyte proliferation, which occurs via both cell-cell contact and cytokine secretion. Titers of transforming growth factor beta and IL 10 increased, whereas that of IFN-g decreased in the supernatants of co-cultures. Thus, UCB MSCs suppress the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. However further in vivo studies are required to fully evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of UCB MSCs.

The results of the study suggest that TLR3 and TLR9 play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE, and have an impact on organ involvement in this disease. More studies concerning the biology and function of TLRs are required in larger patient cohorts, and may lead to development of a new class of drugs.

At least 1 in 10 of the Egyptian population aged 15-59 is burdened with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, stamping Egypt the highest country harboring HCV worldwide. Considerable evidence supported the involvement of host genetic factors in the pathogenesis of HCV and the possibility of implementation in target therapies. ApoB gene polymorphisms are postulated to affect the susceptibility of HCV infection. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between ApoB-516C/T promoter gene polymorphism and HCV infection in a cohort of Egyptian patients and to explore whether higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) might compete with lipoviral particles (LVP) in the binding to LDL receptor (LDLR), thus escaping infection. Ninety-seven HCV patients and 96 matched controls were enrolled in this study. We genotyped ApoB-516C/T using PCR-RFLP method. ApoB concentrations were measured by immunoturbidimetric assay. The genotype and the allele frequencies of ApoB-516C/T promoter gene polymorphism in cases were statistically insignificant compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.109, 0.125, respectively). Sex stratification showed significantly lower counts of C/T genotype in female patients compared with female controls (P = 0.011, OR = 0.132, 95% CI = 0.026-0.657). Significantly higher levels of LDL and ApoB were detected in the control group (P < 0.001). This study shows that the ApoB-516C/T promoter gene polymorphism has no impact on the risk of HCV infection. However, the C/T genotype may be a protective factor for our female cohort. Further studies with larger samples are needed to verify this genetic gender diversity. Additionally, high levels of LDL and ApoB might prevent HCV infection.

BACKGROUND:Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematologic malignancy in children. In young children it is also largely curable, with more than 90% of afflicted children achieving long-term remission. PRAME (Preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma) gene belongs to Group 3 class I HLA-restricted widely expressed antigens in which genes encoding widely expressed tumor antigens have been detected in many normal tissues as well as in histologically different types of tumors with no preferential expression on a certain type of cancer. It has been found to be expressed in a variety of cancer cells as leukemia & lymphoma. PRAME monitoring can be useful for detection of minimal residual disease and subsequent relapses particularly those leukemias in which specific tumor markers are unavailable. Wilms’ tumor1 (WT1) gene was identified as a gene that plays an important role in normal kidney development and inactivation of its function was shown to result in the development of Wilms’ tumors in paediatric patients. Disruption of WT1 function has been implicated in the formation of many different tumor types.AIM:to study how PRAME & WT 1 genes expression patterns influence cancer susceptibility & prognosis.PATIENTS & METHODS:50 patients with denovo childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as 50 age and sex matched apparently healthy volunteers were genotyped for PRAME and WT1 genes expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).RESULTS:PRAME gene was expressed in 34 of the patients (68%) and WT1 gene was expressed in 26 of the patients (52%). Expression of both genes was significantly higher compared to controls (P < 0.0001). Analysis of relapse free survival among our patients revealed that patients expressing PRAME gene or WT1 gene had better relapse free survival (p value=0.02 and 0.01 respectively). Relapse free survival increased significantly among patients coexpressing PRAME and WT 1(p value =0.001).CONCLUSION:It is concluded that the expression of PRAME and WT1 genes are indicators of favorable prognosis and can be useful tools for monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute leukemia especially in patients without known genetic markers. Differential expression between acute leukemia patients and healthy volunteers suggests that the immunogenic antigens (PRAME and WT1) are potential candidates for immunotherapy in childhood acute leukemia.