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The objective of this study was to evaluate personal and immunization factors associated with serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine response. A study was conducted using data from United States dentists participating from 1987 to 1991 in the Health Screening Program of the American Dental Association's annual session. This study included dentists (n = 507) who (1) received their most recent dose of HBV vaccine within the previous 10 months, (2) completed a core questionnaire, and (3) were tested for HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc) and were found not to have evidence of past or present infection. Non-responders were defined as dentists testing negative for all three markers (n = 100). Responders were defined as dentists having serological evidence of anti-HBs alone (n = 407). Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship of vaccine response to the variables sex, age, number of vaccine doses, site of vaccination, type of vaccine, and history of hepatitis. Vaccine response was most strongly associated with sex, age, and number of doses. Factors unrelated to vaccine response included type of vaccine and history of hepatitis. Adherence to the recommended number of doses and early vaccination are critical to adequate protection against hepatitis B infection of dentists, who are often exposed to blood and other body fluids.