In Spain's last colony, Western Sahara, both efforts by the colonial power to stimulate development and the negative impacts of colonisation intensified between the end of the Ifni-Sahara War (1957–58) and the Spanish withdrawal in 1975. Spanish economical and geopolitical interests triggered an important industrial and urban development of the territory. Cities such as Laayoune, Villa Cisneros, Smara, and the Bou Craa phosphate deposits were to showcase Spanish modernising colonial policies.However, the effects of war, the control of colonial frontiers, and severe droughts during the 1960s strongly affected Sahrawi society. In this context, the Spanish colonial state developed new forms of control over the Sahrawi population, which included the progressive (forced) settling of nomadic people around military posts and Spanish cities, bringing about the adoption of new economic paradigms. Not only did the Francoist government distribute subsidies, both money and goods; it furthermore implemented policies aimed at controlling the Sahrawi way of life, particularly in the areas of hygiene, education, and gender relations. The essay analyses these “carrot-and-stick” strategies at the intersection of colonial control and forced sedentarisation with regard to the implementation of a market-oriented economy in Western Sahara.
Resumen Este trabajo analiza un episodio reciente de negociaciones y disputas entre diferentes actores (activistas afroargentinos, agentes del Estado local y agencias multilaterales de financiamiento) por la inclusión de una cuantificación de la población afrodescendiente en Argentina en el próximo censo nacional 2010. Dicho fenómeno será comprendido en un marco de transnacionalización de los movimientos negros en la última década y de los impactos de la participación de países latinoamericanos en la Conferencia Mundial de las Naciones Unidas contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial, la Xenofobia y otras formas correlativas de Intolerancia, celebrada en Durban, Sud-África, en el año 2001. Examinamos cómo flujos y agentes globales revitalizan la discusión sobre las discontinuidades entre lo "étnico", lo "racial" y lo "nacional", reordenando nociones y clasificaciones de las minorías en el plano local, particularmente a través de los modos de contabilizar y categorizar a esas colectividades en las estadísticas oficiales. Palabras clave Afroargentinos, censos, transnacionalización, clasificaciones étnicas-raciales, nación. Abstract This study analyzes recent negotiations and disputes among agents (African-argentine activist, local government employees and global agents) involved in the inclusion of a number of African descendants in the 2010 national census. This phenomenon is interpreted in the context of the last decade transnationalization of social movements, and the impacts of the participation of Latin-American countries in the World Conference against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance held in Durban, South Africa, in 2001. I examine how transnational fluxes and agents revive the debate about the discontinuities among ethnical, racial and national issues, reorganizing concepts and racial classifications, particularly throw the official ways of accountability and categorize these collectivities.
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