Multi‐actor initiatives aiming at environmental sustainability and social equity, face complex tensions between institutionalized decision‐makers, backed up by expert knowledge, and communities with locally embedded knowledge and interests. Despite the importance given to community participation, successful experiences are limited in number, scope and duration. Experts are confronted with the paradox that they exclude local communities with the strategies and languages they use to include them.This study is based on the long‐term experiences of the authors with a multi‐actor initiative in southern Ecuador on sustainable rural drinking water management. They were involved as action‐researchers, facilitating multiparty interactions and supporting reflective practice among the participants.The article shows how multiparty processes construct identities, workforms, structures and activities that cross the boundaries between communities of expert and indigenous practice, even in the exceptionally unequal conditions of the Andes, where inequalities between these communities are deeply rooted in history. Such transitions were taken as opportunities to look for common ground between different communities‐of‐practice whilst, at the same time, contradictions could come to the fore. As inequalities tend to be confirmed through interactions, not only inside but also outside the multi‐actor initiative, they cannot be resolved definitively by a multiparty project. Under those circumstances a social constructionist approach, calling the attention to the constructed nature of mutual perceptions and relationships, was highly inspiring for the authors‐facilitators to keep the reflection and dialogue among the participants in the process going‐on. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RESUMEN: El presente artículo se centra en un tipo de migración, la emigración forzada por motivaciones políticas o exilio; concretamente el exilio sufrido por una importante porción de la población uruguaya a mediados de la década de 1970 en un espacio concreto: España. Esta lectura se realiza desde dos ópticas diferentes pero complementarias, una es desde la bibliografía y la otra desde la presencia de los exiliados en diferentes espacios geográficos y de representación. Para ello se utilizan informaciones provenientes de una profundización en los testimonios de los exiliados-hoy residentes o retornados-y el análisis de la documentación de diferentes archivos particulares y distintas organizaciones políticas y sindicales.
Los estudios sobre los exilios en América Latina han tenido un desarrollo importante en los últimos veinte años. Si bien el recorrido mayor es el de los exilios del Cono Sur (Argentina, Chile y Uruguay), en los últimos años, han comenzado a aparecer textos, investigaciones y espacios académicos con trabajos sobre Paraguay 3 o Colombia 4 y, en menor medida, Centroamérica. Consideramos, que hemos llegado a un punto en el que debemos trascender los estudios de casos nacionales y comenzar a reflexionar sobre otros aspectos, planteamientos teóricos y metodológicos que busquen aportar elementos y ayuden a los análisis que, sobre estas migraciones forzadas, se están realizando. El objetivo, es reflexionar sobre la pertinencia de los estudios comparados sobre exilios de o en América Latina en el siglo XX considerando los avances ya realizados y algunos elementos sobre por dónde podría discurrir esta propuesta de trabajo.
Las movilidades forzadas tienen muchas aristas a ser consideradas, y han sido, y son, una realidad que atraviesa la historia pasada y reciente de América Latina; admite formas diferentes en países y regiones, pero mantiene una presencia y actualidad destacable. Nuestra preocupación, es tratar de abonar en un terreno de debate sobre qué representan desde el punto de vista conceptual, y cuáles son sus recortes frente a otro tipo de movilidades. Intentaremos aportar algunos elementos que permitan seguir afianzando las características particulares de estas movilidades, a la vez que dar cuenta de su diversidad en cuanto a las modalidades que la integran, reflexionando a partir de investigaciones realizadas en el Cono Sur y el corredor México-Centroamérica.
Non-governmental organizations are gradually coming to play an increasing role in developmental projects and organizational psychology is being challenged to contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of inter-party collaboration. This article documents how the stakeholders in a social development project develop meaning through discursive practices, when they define the issues they work on from their own particular perspectives. Development work is pictured in the use of metaphors as being aid, trade, transfer, exchange, etc. through the use of specific forms of thought and language. Each metaphor leads into different meaning configurations and characterizes a specific quality of dialogue. Special attention is paid to the action strategies that allow the 'weaker' parties to remain included in the development project. Discursive practices, metaphors and qualities of dialogue are illustrated for two multi-party projects. These illustrate how a social constructionist reading can reveal and generate discourses that allow the inclusion of weaker parties, in the cases under study, as representatives of the local communities.
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