A set of interventions was undertaken between 1995 and 1999 to improve the quality of life and human health in Cayo Hueso, an inner city community in Central Havana. The municipality and community organizations contacted the agency responsible for public and environmental health in Cuba (INHEM) to evaluate whether these improvements were as effective and efficient as possible, so as to assist in planning further interventions in this and other communities. With the aid of international researchers, an effort was made to strengthen the community's capacity to apply an ecosystem health approach, adapting the analytical framework (DPSEEA: driving force–pressure–state–exposure–effects–action) developed for this purpose by the World Health Organization. A series of workshops and focus groups with community representatives and researchers was conducted in late 1999 and early 2000 to develop appropriate indicators for the analysis. Interventions were grouped into those relating to improved housing, the physical community infrastructure (e.g., water, sewage, street lights), and the socio‐cultural environment (e.g., programs for youths and seniors). The DPSEEA framework was embraced by the community and used to define indicators at the individual, household, and neighborhood levels; the community‐researcher team then collectively elaborated the methodology to obtain the needed information. Data collection is now underway with the process having triggered a series of new partnerships, including other communities (comparison groups) now eager to learn from the Cayo Hueso interventions. With the capacity to apply this approach strengthened, the community is preparing to use the results of the analyses to set new priorities and pursue longer‐term ecosystem health interventions.
La réflexion est un concept très utilisé en formation initiale à l’enseignement. En traçant un portrait de l’éventail de significations trouvées dans la littérature, les auteurs de cet article portent un regard critique sur ce concept. Ils dégagent en même temps une vision développementale mais non hiérarchisée de la réflexion, lui accordant un statut de métacompétence. Un schéma permet de préciser des dimensions écologiques et méthodologiques du processus de réflexion. Les auteurs concluent en interrogeant la position qu’occupe la réflexion à l’intérieur du référentiel de compétences qui guide la formation à l’enseignement au Québec.The concept of reflection is often used in initial teacher training. Exploring the range of meanings in the literature, the authors of this article take a critical look at this concept, while forming a developmental but non-hierarchical vision of reflection, giving it the status of meta-skill. An outline describes the ecological and methodological dimensions of the process of reflection. The authors conclude by questioning the position of reflection in the skill-referential continuum that guides teacher-training in Québec.La reflexión es un concepto ampliamente utilizado en formación inicial en educación. A partir de una descripción del conjunto de significados que nos ofrece la literatura, los autores de este artículo presentan un enfoque crítico de dicho concepto y despejan una visión desarrollista mas no jerarquizada de la reflexión, otorgándole un estatus de meta-competencia. Un esquema permite precisar las dimensiones ecológicas y metodológicas del proceso de reflexión. Los autores concluyen escrutando la posición que ocupa la reflexión al interior del referencial de competencias que guía la formación de los maestros en Quebec
Desafíos metodológicos para el estudio de la reflexión en contexto de formación docente Methodological challenges for the study of the reflection in a teaching training context Desafios metodológicos para o estudo da reflexão no contexto da formação de professores
La formación por competencias exige que las universidades traten no solamente de las teorías que apoyan las diferentes visiones de la educación y de la enseñanza, sino también de sus aplicaciones contextualizadas en las escuelas. Más aún, se espera que durante su formación los estudiantes sean capaces de integrar la teoría con la práctica. Sin embargo, esta integración constituye una dificultad para ellos. En ese sentido, algunos autores proponen la práctica reflexiva como herramienta de integración teoría-práctica. Así, pensamos que el concepto vygotskiano de zona de desarrollo próximo podría ser utilizado como un instrumento psicológico susceptible de favorecer la reflexión sobre la práctica de las estudiantes de nuestro programa de Licenciatura en Adaptación Escolar y Social de la Université de Sherbrooke, Canadá. Para verificar nuestra hipótesis, trabajamos con 20 estudiantes de esta licenciatura su práctica según el concepto de ZDP. Nuestros resultados muestran que este concepto constituye un instrumento psicológico eficaz para favorecer la integración teoría-práctica.
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