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We present simulations and experimental validations for separating astigmatic figure error from misalignments in Nodal Aberration Theory (NAT) with a high-precision Cassegrain telescope. Both the primary mirror figure error and the secondary mirror misalignments induce binodal astigmatism for the telescope systems. The separation of these two aberration factors plays a crucial role in the telescope alignment process. In this study, the figure error of the aspheric primary mirror of the Cassegrain telescope induced by the mirror mounts was measured interferometrically utilizing a computer-generated hologram (CGH). According to the primary mirror figure error, the astigmatic node locations in the image plane were simulated using real raytracing. The center of the nodes was located on the field center, and the nodes were placed symmetrically with respect to the field center in the image plane. The telescope's alignment was performed using the simulation results, and the node locations were measured on a grid of field points interferometrically. Thereafter, secondary mirror misalignments around the coma-free pivot point were introduced into the optical system, and the node's center was shifted from the field center in the image plane as predicted by NAT. The simulations and interferometric field measurements were performed and compared on a grid of field points for the misaligned state in the presence of primary mirror figure error. The experimental results confirm the predictions from NAT. Statistical analysis was also performed to confirm the accuracy and stability of the measurements.

We present simulations and an experimental investigation of binodal astigmatism in nodal aberration theory (NAT) for a customized, high-precision Cassegrain telescope system. The telescope system utilizes a five-axis, piezo-actuated flexural mechanism to introduce secondary mirror misalignments and generate aberrations intentionally. The induced aberrations are measured interferometrically and quantified for a grid of field points on the telescope system's image plane. For this purpose, a coma-free pivot point of the secondary mirror was simulated for isolating the binodal astigmatism field response. The separation of the nodes is proportional to the introduced misalignments. A simulation of Fringe Zernike coma and binodal astigmatism was generated using a real ray trace model of the optical system and analyzed to compare to the experimental results. A statistical analysis of the measurements was performed to show the experimental results’ accuracy and stability. The experimental results were consistent with the simulations, hence experimentally validating NAT for binodal astigmatism for the first time.

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