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A novel imaging system of ethanol in exhaled breath induced by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2)-related alcohol metabolism has been developed. The system provides an image of ethanol distribution as chemiluminescence (CL) on an enzyme-immobilized support. The spatiotemporal change of CL generated by ethanol in exhaled breath after oral administration of ethanol was detected by employing an electron multiplier CCD (EM-CCD) camera, illustrated and analyzed. Prior to measurement of standard gaseous ethanol and ethanol in exhaled breath, the system was optimized by investigating the enzyme-immobilized supports, concentration of substrate and pH condition of Tris-HCl buffer solution. The ethanol skin patch test, a simple method as an indicator of ALDH2, was performed on healthy volunteers. Breath samples of 5 volunteers with ALDH2 (+) and 5 volunteers with ALDH2 (-) were used for exhaled ethanol analysis. Concentration-time profiles of exhaled ethanol obtained from all volunteers were analyzed over a period of 120 min after oral administration of ethanol (0.4 g per kg body weight) in the form of beer which contains 5% of alcohol. The results obtained from the system showed that the peaks of exhaled ethanol concentrations appeared at 30 min, which was considered as a rapid ethanol absorption phase following first-order kinetics. Exhaled ethanol concentrations of volunteers with ALDH2 (+) were lower than volunteers with ALDH2 (-) and the digestion of ethanol in volunteers with ALDH2 (+) was faster than in volunteers with ALDH2 (-). The eliminations were analyzed to follow zero-order kinetics with a rate constant for each group.

Purpose To comply with the effluent regulation of boron, replacement of boric acid with citric acid in a nickel electroplating bath is proposed. Although the bath avoids the discharge of boron, it increases the discharge of nickel owing to the chelating effect of citric acid, which disturbs the wastewater treatment. To balance this trade-off, the environmental impacts of a traditional nickel plating process (the Watts bath) and the citrate bath must be compared by life cycle assessment. Methods The life cycle impact assessment method was LIME2. To estimate the trade-off between boron and nickel discharge into wastewater, the characterization and damage factors on human toxicity and ecotoxicity were calculated. The processes were then compared using data from actual processes. The functional unit was Bplating per 1-kg part.Ĥ owever, the plating efficiency depends on the type, shape, and surface area of the part. The data of the citrate bath were modeled. In the modeling, the amounts of nickel chloride and nickel sulfate in the citrate bath were based on the Watts bath. Results and discussion In comparison with other chemicals, the calculated characterization and damage factors of boron and nickel were found to be reasonable. The integration results revealed that the citrate bath exerted greater environmental impact than the Watts bath. Although the Watts bath involved more environmentally damaging processes than the citrate bath, the sum of these impacts was much smaller than the impact of effluent from the citrate bath. Moreover, the environmental impact of effluent can be significantly reduced by flocculants, with almost no additional environmental impact incurred by the increased sludge. Conclusions The newly developed citrate plating bath exerts higher environmental impact than the traditional Watts bath because the environmental impacts of the release of nickel chelated with citric acid exceed the reduced boron emissions. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the two methods. When installing the citrate bath, the wastewater treatment must be altered to reduce the nickel emissions.

A two-dimensional gaseous ethanol visualization system has been developed and demonstrated using a horseradish peroxidase-luminol-hydrogen peroxide system with high-purity luminol solution and a chemiluminescence (CL) enhancer. This system measures ethanol concentrations as intensities of CL via the luminol reaction. CL was emitted when the gaseous ethanol was injected onto an enzyme-immobilized membrane, which was employed as a screen for two-dimensional gas visualization. The average intensity of CL on the substrate was linearly related to the concentration of standard ethanol gas. These results were compared with the CL intensity of the CCD camera recording image in the visualization system. This system is available for gas components not only for spatial but also for temporal analysis in real time. A high-purity sodium salt HG solution (L-HG) instead of standard luminol solution and an enhancer, eosin Y (EY) solution, were adapted for improvement of CL intensity of the system. The visualization of gaseous ethanol was achieved at a detection limit of 3 ppm at optimized concentrations of L-HG solution and EY.

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