Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health issue, despite advances in diagnostic technologies, substantial global efforts, and the availability of effective chemotherapies. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a species of pathogenic bacteria resistant to currently available anti-TB drugs, is on the rise, threatening national and international TB-control efforts. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) in Ethiopia. Materialsand Methods: A systematic literature search was undertaken using PubMed/MEDLINE, HINARI, the Web of Science, ScienceDirect electronic databases, and Google Scholar (1 January 2011 to 30 November 2020). After cleaning and sorting the records, the data were analyzed using STATA 11. The study outcomes revealed the weighted pooled prevalence of any anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, any isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) resistance, monoresistance to INH and RIF, and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in newly diagnosed and previously treated patients with TB. Results: A total of 24 studies with 18,908 patients with TB were included in the final analysis. The weighted pooled prevalence of any anti-TB drug resistance was 14.25% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.05–21.44%)), whereas the pooled prevalence of any INH and RIF resistance was found in 15.62% (95%CI: 6.77–24.47%) and 9.75% (95%CI: 4.69–14.82%) of patients with TB, respectively. The pooled prevalence for INH and RIF-monoresistance was 6.23% (95%CI: 4.44–8.02%) and 2.33% (95%CI: 1.00–3.66%), respectively. MDR-TB was detected in 2.64% (95%CI: 1.46–3.82%) of newly diagnosed cases and 11.54% (95%CI: 2.12–20.96%) of retreated patients with TB, while the overall pooled prevalence of MDR-TB was 10.78% (95%CI: 4.74–16.83%). Conclusions: In Ethiopia, anti-tuberculosis drug resistance is widespread. The estimated pooled prevalence of INH and RIF-monoresistance rates were significantly higher in this review than in previous reports. Moreover, MDR-TB in newly diagnosed cases remained strong. Thus, early detection of TB cases, drug-resistance testing, proper and timely treatment, and diligent follow-up of TB patients all contribute to the improvement of DR-TB management and prevention. Besides this, we urge that a robust, routine laboratory-based drug-resistance surveillance system be implemented in the country.

The study sought to investigate on teachers’ curriculum knowledge in teaching Christian Religious Studies among Senior High Schools of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The population of the study was CRS teachers in Senior high schools in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Through census sampling approach, all teachers of CRS were involved in filling the questionnaire.  Analysis of data was done through descriptive statistics. The study established that teachers of CRS had high knowledge about the rationale of teaching CRS. It was also found that teachers of CRS had high knowledge of the aims of teaching CRS. It is therefore recommended that Universities that are mandated to train teachers of CRS in Ghana should include courses like curriculum studies in CRS emphasis, the rationale (philosophy and logic) and aims for the subject. This would ensure that teachers who teach CRS have adequate knowledge and the rationale and aims for teaching the subject. The Ghana Education Service (GES) in collaboration with the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NaCCA) should organise regular in-service trainings for the teachers of CRS.

Introduction Since creation, human beings have always been socially connected or networked. In the early 21st century, the internet saw the dawn of a new era of information sharing, social media, which is now a growing phenomenon on the internet (O'Reiley, 2007). Social media relates to websites and applications that enable users create and share content or participate in social networking (Merriam-Webster, 2018). It refers to interactive web and mobile phones platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create, and exchange information, ideas, photos, or videos within a virtual network (Naslund, 2016). There are numerous social media sites that users can choose from. However, in 2017, the top four social media sites were Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Twitter (Statista, 2017). In recent times, accessing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp etc. can be done anywhere and at any time simply by the use of mobile phone (Luik, 2010). In Ghana, the use of social media has risen considerably over the past few years. The growth of social media usage can be tied to the advancement of communication technology in Ghana, that is, the increase in the usage of smartphones and the ease of access to broadband and mobile internet. Students may however form a chunk of social media users in Ghana as research has shown that social media is largely used by young people between the ages of 15-34(Pew Research Centre, 2014) and many students fall within this age bracket therefore majority of them are students. Social media sites have been recognized as an important resource for education as it helps in the sharing of information on relevant education materials within the school or classroom setting. To this end, several software has been developed for e-learning in various jurisdictions using social media. Liccardi, Ounnas, Massey, Kinnunen, Midy, and Sakar (2007) have opined that learners in the school setting connect socially to share their daily learning experiences and have conversations on several topics. However, other studies show that students use social media sites such as Facebook for fun, to kill time, to meet existing friends or to make new ones (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe 2007). However, amidst all the benefits, social media use has regrettably contributed to the moral degeneration

The emergence of novel arboviruses of zoonotic potential in South Africa (SA) threatens human health and animal welfare, and affects economic growth and development. These viruses cause severe infections in animals and humans, including neurological diseases, such as encephalitis, resulting in high morbidities, mortalities and economic losses. With increasing reports of Middelburg, Shuni, Sindbis, West Nile and Wesselsbron virus infections in animals and humans in SA, this article reviews and discusses known and currently emerging arboviruses in the country. These reports underscore the need for increased surveillance, vector control management, public health preparedness, focused research, community awareness programs, and the development of rapid and sensitive diagnostic approaches. Furthermore, appropriate medical personnel training and strengthening initiatives for a one-health approach are required to understand and mitigate the emerging arboviral threat to public health.

This study focused on the attainment of the aims of the Christian Religious Studies Curriculum from the perspectives of Senior high school students in Cape Coast. Particular attention was given to the role the aims play in shaping the affective domains of the students. The descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed to conduct the study. Data were collected with a 42-item questionnaire (with a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.79) from 200 CRS students in Senior high schools in Cape Coast who were selected using the proportionate simple random sampling procedure. Descriptive statistical tools (frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation) were used to analyse and interpret the data with the help of SPSS (version 25). Results from the study indicated that CRS students in Cape Coast have a low understanding of the biblical texts that are highlighted and read in the specified themes in the CRS curriculum. Also, CRS students in Cape Coast to a low extent adopt healthy attitudes and skills acquired from the Bible in their lives. It was therefore recommended that CRS teachers should also encourage and expose students to the need to develop and uphold good behaviours. Also, teachers of CRS should use approaches to teaching that foster understanding of passages that are read in class.