Dengue Virus (DENV) is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus). Four serotypes of DENV are responsible for the infectious disease called dengue that annually affects nearly 400 million people worldwide. Although there is only one vaccine formulation licensed for use in humans, there are other vaccine formulations under development that apply different strategies. In this review, we present information about anti-dengue vaccine formulations regarding development, pre-clinical tests, and clinical trials. The improvement in vaccine development against dengue is much needed, but it should be considered that the correlate of protection is still uncertain. Neutralizing antibodies have been proposed as a correlate of protection, but this ignores the key role of T-cell mediated immunity in controlling DENV infection. It is important to confirm the accurate correlate of protection against DENV infection, and also to have other anti-dengue vaccine formulations licensed for use.

The four serotypes of Dengue virus (DENV1-4) are arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) that belong to the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family. They are the causative agents of an infectious disease called dengue, an important global public health problem with significant social-economic impact. Thus, the development of safe and effective dengue vaccines is a priority according to the World Health Organization. Only one anti-dengue vaccine has already been licensed in endemic countries and two formulations are under phase III clinical trials. In this study, we aimed to compare the main anti-dengue virus vaccines, DENGVAXIA®, LAV-TDV, and TAK-003, regarding their antigens and potential to protect. We studied the conservation of both, B and T cell epitopes involved in immunological control of DENV infection along with vaccine viruses and viral isolates. In addition, we assessed the population coverage of epitope sets contained in each vaccine formulation with regard to different human populations. As main results, we found that all three vaccines contain the main B cell epitopes involved in viral neutralization. Similarly, LAV-TDV and TAK-003 contain most of T cell epitopes involved in immunological protection, a finding not observed in DENGVAXIA®, which explains main limitations of the only licensed dengue vaccine. In summary, the levels of presence and absence of epitopes that are target for protective immune response in the three main anti-dengue virus vaccines are shown in this study. Our results suggest that investing in vaccines that contain the majority of epitopes involved in protective immunity (cellular and humoral arms) is an important issue to be considered.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of external and internal numerical root variations of mandibular canines and premolars in southern Bahia. 384 Panoramic Radiography (PAN) and 384 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) of patients over 14 years old who had all mandibular canines and premolars were evaluated for internal and external numerical variation. Gender predilection of morphological configurations was assessed using the x 2 test (p <0.05). For the PAN, 0.5% of the patients had a canine with two roots, while 2.1% and 3% had first premolar and second premolar with two roots, respectively. Regarding internal variation, 2.9% had a canine with two canals, while 15.9% and 6.5% had a first premolar and second premolar with two canals, respectively. For the CBCT, 2.7% of the patients had a canine with two roots, while 16.4% and 2.1% had first premolar and second premolar with two roots, respectively. Three rooted first and second premolar accounted for 0.3%. Regarding the internal variation, 3.4% had a canine with two canals, while 24% and 6.5% had a first premolar and second premolar with two canals, respectively. Three or four canals accounted for 0,7% for first premolars and 0.3% for second premolars. Despite many variants, the most prevalent root configuration for these groups in Bahia´s southern region is one root with one canal. This finding may serve as a guide in clinical endodontic therapy.

Developing of the manuscript, production of the results and graphics and interpretation of data; RSN: constructions of the ideas, elaboration of manuscript and support in the analysis of the relationships between climatic variables and dengue incidence; PSB: contribution in the interpretation and showing of the structure of methodology; JPF: contributions to analyze epidemiological characteristics and constructions of the ideas; JHA: contributions to analyze, review and constructions of the ideas; EBM: contributions to analyzing relationships between dengue and climatic variables; ECM: contributions with discussions of ideas and review; WBL: contributions with the review of the manuscript.

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