In recent years, computer-aided design (CAD) and computeraided manufacturing (CAM) have been widely integrated into clinical dentistry, particularly in the field of prosthetics. Unlike conventional methods, the new workflows of these CAD/CAM systems enable the fabrication of high-performance restorations [1,2]. Duret et al., in 1988, first reported the use of CAD/CAM technology for prosthesis fabrication [3]. Since the 1980s, many researchers have focused on the practical applications of these systems [4][5][6][7]. The advantages of CAD/CAM systems include increased productivity, lower costs, easier data management, and shorter treatment durations, which are beneficial for both dental surgeons and patients [8][9][10]. This technology has already been applied to fixed prosthetic appliances, such as inlays, crowns, and implant prosthetic components [11][12][13][14]. However, removable prostheses consist of several metallic (clasps, frameworks) and non-metallic (denture bases and artificial teeth) components, which render the application of the CAD/CAM system difficult. Therefore, the fabrication of removable prostheses using CAD/CAM has been delayed [15]. Currently, CAD/CAM complete dentures are fabricated by two companies (AvaDent; Global Dental Science, Scottsdale, AZ and DENTCA; Dentca Inc., Los Angeles, CA), and these dentures are available for use in edentulous patients [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Both companies allow definitive dentures to be fabricated in a few visits, and the dental materials, techniques, and fabrication processes have been established and standardized. The fabrication process for DENTCA dentures involves 3D printing technology (3DP) [24]. CAD/CAM dentures have been shown to achieve greater patient satisfaction than conventional complete dentures [19][20][21][22]. However,

Recently, the effects of antibacterial peptides are suggested to have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, systemic treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced Alzheimer’s disease-like neuropathological changes in middle-aged mice. Then, we examined whether human β-defensins (hBDs), antimicrobial peptides produced by the oral mucosa and salivary glands, can suppress Pg LPS-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses by microglia. hBD3 (1 μM) significantly suppressed Pg LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by MG6 cells, a mouse microglial cell line. hBD3 (1 μM) also significantly inhibited Pg LPS-induced expression of IL-6 by HMC3 cells, a human microglial cell line. In contrast, neither hBD1, hBD2 nor hBD4 failed to inhibit their productions. Furthermore, hBD3 suppressed Pg LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation through the IκBα degradation. Pg LPS-induced expression of IL-6 was significantly suppressed by E64d, a cysteine protease inhibitor, and CA-074Me, a known specific inhibitor for cathepsin B, but not by pepstatin A, an aspartic protease inhibitor. Interestingly, hBD3 significantly inhibited enzymatic activities of recombinant human cathepsins B and L, lysosomal cysteine proteases, and their intracellular activities in MG6 cells. Therefore, hBD3 suppressed oxidative and inflammatory responses of microglia through the inhibition of cathepsins B and L, which enzymatic activities are necessary for the NF-κB activation.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted at the United Nations Summit in 2015 have been attracting attention owing to the current environmental challenges. These SDGs were established by the 193 member countries of the United Nations to be achieved between 2016 and 2030. They consist of 17 goals, including waste reduction, environmental protection, and technological innovation, and 169 targets. Goal 12 of the SDGs, "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns," lists waste management and reduction as targets. Each country and company consider and proactively tackle environmental issues based on their sociocultural background [1-3]. Globally, plastic bag charges are being introduced as a mea-sure to combat plastic waste, and the reduction in disposable plastic products is a major goal [4]. Furthermore, alginate, silicone impression material, and gypsum used in dental care are classified as industrial waste in Japan.In recent years, digital technology has been widely adopted in dentistry, enabling dentists to provide better treatment to their patients. Prosthodontic treatment is increasingly performed using intraoral scanners (IOS), computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems, and 3D printers [5][6][7]. The use of a digital workflow could help reduce the use of alginate and silicone materials conventionally used for making impressions. Two types of 3D printers can replace plaster models: stereolithography apparatus (SLA) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers. Most 3D printers used in dentistry are based on SLA [8,9] because they are considered to confer better accuracy to the finished product [10][11][12]. However, similar to the plaster models, the resin models prepared using this printer were discarded after use. As polylactic J Prosthodont Res. 2022; **(**):

Titanium are often used as dental materials, pure titanium present low strength and titanium alloy is reported poor biocompatibility, respectively. To overcome the problem, we fabricated high-strength multi-directional forged (MDF) titanium with improved mechanical properties without changing the chemical composition and evaluated its applicability in prosthetic crowns. Cutting tests: the average absolute value of the difference before and after cutting was calculated as the uncut amount. Surface evaluations: MDF titanium, pure titanium, and the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were the surface properties (the surface roughness, the contact angles, glossiness) of the samples were evaluated. The fitness test used digital data. These demonstrated that the good workability of high-strength MDF titanium. The surface-roughness and contact-angle properties of MDF titanium and pure titanium were similar. The fitness test showed no significant differences between MDF titanium and pure titanium crowns. These results suggest that MDF titanium is promising for fabricating prosthetic crowns in dental applications.

No abstract