The primary objective of this research was to develop safe, programmable and cost-effective technologies of plantlet production from the seeds of undomesticated American populations of Virgina fanpetals (Sida hermphrodita RUSBY). During our seed priming treatment experiments, approximately 40% of the Virginia fanpetals seeds that were high-quality, infection-free, normally imbibing and germinating seeds. Our spring propagation tray experiments indicated that the spring large-scale tray plantlet production of Virginia fanpetals can be performed with using properly pre-treated and fractioned seeds and the phytotechnology that is characteristic of conventional, large airspace plastic tunnels that are used in white cabbage production. This phytotechnological method can be conducted in a simple and efficient way, making it possible to produce hardened, strong plantlets at an industrial scale, scheduled for planting in early spring (March). Our investigation showed that the combination of summer-autumn nurse-in-tray plantlet production technique and subsequent unprotected wintering of Virginia fanpetals with properly pre-treated and fractioned seeds is a promising new methods. There are no heating costs, and this phytotechnique can be easily and properly mechanized. Scheduled plantlets can be produced at an industrial scale by the time of early spring (March) plantlet planting. The digging up of the plantlets can be flexibly adjusted; the plantlets may even grow in the plantlet cases for an entire year. A comparative analysis of the costs of this procedure needs further research.
Sida hermephrodita or Virginia mallow is a perspective perennial herb in the Malvaceae family able to yield a biomass crop through the last two decades. Additionally, the plants have a lot of uses and benefi ts for instance it can be used as a fodder crop, honey crop, ornamental plant in public gardens. It has favourable features for example fast growing and resistance against the disease and climatic fl uctuations, etc. Since Sida is in the beginning phase of domestication, it has a serious disadvantage: the low and slow germination as a big part of wild plants. Due to the expressly low germination percent, the need of seed showing of driller should tenfold 200 thousand seeds/acre instead of 10-20 thousand, which is not available and expensive. Therefore the practical purpose of our research of seed physiology was to increase the seed germination percent in the available, basically wild Sida population. In the fi rst stage of our experiments we examined two factors relating to seed germination percent and seed germination power during our research: the infl uence of hot water treatment and the effect of exogenous or endogenous infection of seeds. However, in our germination tests, utilizing the scarifi ed seeds with hot water (65, 80 and 95 °C), from 29.3% to 46% germinated from those samples, which were collected from the population of S. hermaphrodita in Debrecen. The average germination for all season was 5-10% without treatment and rinsed using hot water up to almost 50%. When applying physically scarifi ed use, the oldest seeds showed the best germination (46%) after the hot water operation in spite of the previous studies. We discovered that there is a close relationship between the collecting time of the seeds and the ration of seed infections, as well as germination percentage. Thus, the 2009 season was the most favourable in case of contamination (control: 17.3% and 80 °C treatment: 0%) as well as germination percent. It could be concluded that the best season for our fi ndings was 2009 due to autumn harvest of Sida seeds. In our opinion, the autumn harvesting should be the best time to overcome the problem of the low germination and high infection percentage. We also discovered that apparently there is a close relationship between the seed fresh weight or water uptake capability and the percentage of infection. Following these recognitions, we modifi ed our technique in such a way that we fractionated the seeds based on their fresh weight / or relative density before we carried out the treatment. When we fi ltered the fl oating seeds on the surface of water, the hot water treatment was performed considerably better on the sunk seeds after separation. Therefore by this special priming process, we were able to reach 80% germination capacity of Virgina mallow seeds under laboratory conditions (26 °C without illumination).
The primary objectives of this study were to identify the ecotypes of the 'longicaulis' giant reed (Arundo donax L.) that are winter-frost and cold tolerant in temperate climates on marginal lands and to perform biotechnological research on these ecotypes. We searched for large 'longicaulis' giant reed ecotypes, which wintered successfully in spite of the 2012/2013 winter frosts and sprouted from stem nodes in the spring of 2013 in three locations of the Balaton basin. Starting in vitro culture from the buds of the secondary shoot of the full-grown plant on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with 0.3 mg L-1 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) and 0.05 mg L-1 1-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) was the most satisfactory during October. Our experiments indicated that in vitro propagation by stem cuttings can be successfully performed from in vitro shoots (node number increased with 0.2% NaCl treatment) on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium containing kinetin (3 mg L-1) and indole-3-acetic acid (3 mg L-1). By combining our micro-and macropropagation methods based on propagation by stem cuttings, 400 to 450 plants can be produced from one in vitro shoot during 11 to 12 months of growth.
The world’s energy consumption continues to increase, which results in demographic changes, living standard increases and technical development. In the world and Hungary the interest in biomass crops also has increased considerably over the previous decades. This paper summarizes the most important biological, biotechnological and agronomical researches and results of our working group, in Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, University of Debrecen. It represents our research group publications and introduces some efficient propagation possibilities of promising new perennial bioenergy crops, giant reed (Arundo donax L.) and Virginia fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita Rushby).
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