We studied 19 symptomatic female carriers of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene. Most of these dystrophinopathy patients had had an erroneous or ambiguous diagnosis prior to dystrophin immunofluorescence testing. We assessed clinical severity by a standardized protocol, measured X-chromosome inactivation patterns in blood and muscle DNA, and quantitated the dystrophin protein content of muscle. We found that patients could be separated into two groups: those showing equal numbers of normal and mutant dystrophin genes in peripheral blood DNA ("random" X-inactivation), and those showing preferential use of the mutant dystrophin gene ("skewed" X-inactivation). In the random X-inactivation carriers, the clinical phenotype ranged from asymptomatic to mild disability, the dystrophin content of muscle was > 60% of normal, and there were only minor histopathologic changes. In the skewed X-inactivation patients, clinical manifestations ranged from mild to severe, but the patients with mild disease were young (5 to 10 years old). The low levels of dystrophin (< 30% on average) and the severe symptoms of the older patients suggested a poor prognosis for those with skewed X-inactivation, and they all showed morphologic changes of dystrophy. The random inactivation patients showed evidence of biochemical "normalization," with higher dystrophin content in muscle than predicted by the number of normal dystrophin genes. Seventy-nine percent of skewed X-inactivation patients (11/14) showed genetic "normalization," with proportionally more dystrophin-positive nuclei in muscle than in blood. In 65% of the skewed X-inactivation patients, dystrophin was not produced by dystrophin-positive nuclei; an average of 20% of myofiber nuclei were genetically dystrophin-positive but did not produce stable dystrophin. Biochemical normalization seems to be the main mechanism for rescue of fibers from dystrophin deficiency in the random X-inactivation patients. In the skewed X-inactivation patients, genetic normalization is active, but production failure of dystrophin by dystrophin-normal nuclei may counteract any effect of biochemical normalization. In the skewed X-inactivation patients, the remodeling of the muscle through cycles of degeneration and regeneration led to threefold increase in the number of dystrophin-competent nuclei in muscle myofibers (3.3 +/- 4.6), while dystrophin content was on the average 1.5-fold less then expected (-1.54 +/- 3.38). Our results permit more accurate prognistic assessment of isolated female dystrophinopathy patients and provide important data with which to estimate the potential effect of gene delivery (gene therapy) in DMD.

RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar os resultados iniciais de uma equipe cirúrgica no controle hormonal dos adenomas hipofisários secretores. Materiais e métodos: Em cinco anos, foram operados 51 adenomas secretores (31 GH, 14 ACTH, 5 prolactina, 1 TSH). O controle hormonal foi GH basal ≤ 2,5 ng/dL, cortisol livre urinário normal, redução dos níveis de prolactina, e T3 e T4 livre normais. Resultados: As taxas de controle foram 36% na acromegalia e 57% no Cushing. Dois prolactinomas (40%) normalizaram a prolactina. Os hormônios tiroidianos normalizaram no adenoma secretor de TSH. O controle do hipercortisolismo correlacionou-se com o tempo de experiência da equipe (p = 0,01). Conclusão: Nossos resultados, limitados aos primeiros anos de experiência cirúrgica, situam-se abaixo da variação reportada em grandes casuísticas com maior tempo de experiência. Ao longo do tempo, observou-se melhora progressiva nos níveis de cortisol urinário no pós-operatório inicial da doença de Cushing em função da experiência cirúrgica. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(1):16-28 Descritores Cirurgia transesfenoidal; adenoma hipofisário; doença de Cushing; acromegalia; prolactinoma ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the initial results of a surgical team in the hormonal control of secreting pituitary adenomas. Materials and methods: In five years 51 functioning adenomas were operated (31 GH-secreting, 14 ACTH-secreting, 5 PRL-secreting and 1 TSH-secreting). Hormonal control was defined as GH ≤ 2,5 ng/mL, normal free-urinary cortisol, lower prolactin and normal T3 and FT4. Results: Control rates were 36% in acromegaly, and 57% in Cushing's disease. Two prolactinomas normalized prolactin levels. Thyroid hormone levels were normalized in the TSH--secreting adenoma. Control of hypercortisolism was positively correlated with years of experience (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Our results, although restricted to the beginning of our experience, lie below the reported range of other surgical series with much longer experience. During these years, there was a significant improvement in initial post surgery urinary cortisol levels in Cushing's disease as a function of surgical experience. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(1):16-28

These data indicate that serum thyroid hormone level is a positive regulator of TSH bioactivity.

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab vol 47 nº 4 Agosto 2003 492 RESUMOEsse artigo traz uma revisão do hipopituitarismo com ênfase na terapia de reposição hormonal. O conhecimento das bases fisiológicas da terapia de reposição hormonal, assim como dos aspectos práticos do tratamento, constitui o suporte racional para tratar esses pacientes. Essa revisão foi organizada por deficiência hormonal e cada um desses tópi-cos inclui epidemiologia, etiologia, apresentação clínica, diagnóstico, preparações hormonais disponíveis para o tratamento de cada deficiência, dosagens, vias de administração, efeitos colaterais e monitorização clínico-laboratorial durante os diferentes períodos da vida para cada reposição hormonal: hormônio de crescimento na criança e no adulto, hormônios tiroideanos no hipotiroidismo central, glicocorticóides no hipoadrenalismo central, análogos de vasopressina no diabetes insípidus central, esteróides sexuais no homem e na mulher, da puberdade à senescência e gonadotrofinas no tratamento da infertilidade. As informações aqui contidas resultam de uma revisão crítica da literatura aliada à nossa experiência de mais de duas décadas no diagnóstico e tratamento do paciente hipopituitário na Unidade de Neuroendocrinologia da Universidade ABSTRACT Hormone Replacement Therapy in HypopituitarismThis article brings an updated review of hypopituitarism with emphasis in hormone replacement therapy. The physiological basis of hormone replacement therapy and practical aspects of treating hypopituitary patients were both taken into account to provide a rational strategy for treatment. The review is organized by individual pituitary hormone deficiency and covers epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of hypopituitarism, as well as the most relevant hormone preparations currently available for treating each hormone deficiency. Practical guidelines to hormone dosing, routes of administration, side effects and clinical and laboratory monitoring during the entire lifespan are given for each individual hormone replacement therapy: growth hormone in GH-deficient children and adults, thyroid hormone in central hypothyroidism, glucocorticoid in central hypoadrenalism, vasopressin analogs in diabetes insipidus, sex hormones in man and women from puberty to senescence, and gonadotropins for treating infertility. In addition to the literature review, we took into account our own experience of more than two decades in investigating, diagnosing, and treating hypopituitary patients at the Universi-

Além de estimular o crescimento estatural, o hormônio de crescimento (GH) promove outros efeitos benéficos nos pacientes com deficiência de GH (DGH). A suspensão do GH em pacientes com DGH, durante o período de transição da criança para a vida adulta, induz a alterações metabólicas desfavoráveis na composição corporal, na integridade óssea, na capacidade para desempenhar atividade física, e também aumenta fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Estes parâmetros melhoram quando a reposição do GH é reiniciada em adultos com DGH. Com base nestas evidências, a reposição do GH não deveria ser suspensa quando o paciente atingisse sua altura final e, sim, mantida durante a vida adulta. Entretanto, considerando que muitos pacientes com diagnóstico de DGH, quando criança, não tem este diagnóstico confirmado no início da vida adulta, é necessário reavaliar a secreção de GH quando o paciente atingir a altura final. A história clínica do paciente, a resposta ao tratamento com GH, a ressonância magnética da região hipotalâmica-hipofisária e a concentração de IGF-1 podem ajudar nesta reavaliação. A realização de testes de estímulo para liberação do GH é necessária, a menos que o paciente apresente lesão estrutural ou genética que justifiquem a deficiência deste hormônio.