Brief CBT was effective in preventing follow-up suicide attempts among active-duty military service members with current suicidal ideation and/or a recent suicide attempt.

Deaf bilinguals for whom American Sign Language (ASL) is the first language and English is the second language judged the semantic relatedness of word pairs in English. Critically, a subset of both the semantically related and unrelated word pairs were selected such that the translations of the two English words also had related forms in ASL. Word pairs that were semantically related were judged more quickly when the form of the ASL translation was also similar whereas word pairs that were semantically unrelated were judged more slowly when the form of the ASL translation was similar. A control group of hearing bilinguals without any knowledge of ASL produced an entirely different pattern of results. Taken together, these results constitute the first demonstration that deaf readers activate the ASL translations of written words under conditions in which the translation is neither present perceptually nor required to perform the task.After decades of interest in the topic of how bilinguals keep their two languages separate, an increasing number of studies show that both languages are active when bilinguals read (Dijkstra, 2005), listen (Marian & Spivey, 2003), and speak (Kroll, Bobb, & Wodniecka, 2006) each language. The growing consensus is that bilinguals do not "switch off" the language not in use, even when it might be beneficial to do so. Cross-language activation has been observed for many different bilingual language pairings (e.g., Dijkstra, 2005;Emmorey, Borinstein, Thompson, & Gollan, 2008), but has not yet been documented in deaf bilinguals.The present study investigated cross-language activation in deaf individuals whose first language (L1) is American Sign Language (ASL), and second language (L2) is English. For © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Send correspondence to Jill P. Morford, Linguistics, MSC03 2130, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA, morford@unm.edu.. Portions of this study were presented at the 7 th International Symposium on Bilingualism, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptCognition. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 February 1. (Battison, 1978;Stokoe, Croneberg, & Casterline, 1965). Studies have shown that these parameters influence psycholinguistic processing (e.g., Bellugi, Klima, & Siple, 1975). We selected English word pairs whose translations shared several formational parameters, and compared responses to English words whose translations were unrelated. If signers perform the English judgment without activating ASL, the t...

Recent evidence demonstrates that American Sign Language (ASL) signs are active during print word recognition in deaf bilinguals who are highly proficient in both ASL and English. In the present study, we investigate whether signs are active during print word recognition in two groups of unbalanced bilinguals: deaf ASL-dominant and hearing English-dominant bilinguals. Participants judged the semantic relatedness of word pairs in English. Critically, a subset of both the semantically related and unrelated English word pairs had phonologically related translations in ASL, but participants were never shown any ASL signs during the experiment. Deaf ASLdominant bilinguals (Experiment 1) were faster when semantically related English word pairs had similar form translations in ASL, but slower when semantically unrelated words had similar form translations in ASL, indicating that ASL signs are engaged during English print word recognition in these ASL-dominant signers. Hearing English-dominant bilinguals (Experiment 2) were also Downloaded from 252 Second Language Research 30 (2) slower to respond to semantically unrelated English word pairs with similar form translations in ASL, but no facilitation effects were observed in this population. The results provide evidence that the interactive nature of lexical processing in bilinguals is impervious to language modality. Keywords bilingualism, deaf, sign language, word recognition I IntroductionWith increasing globalization, multilingualism is on the rise. Research on bilinguals is well established, but only recently have investigators discovered that bilinguals activate words in both languages even when the task requires the use of one language only (Brown and Gullberg, 2011;Thierry and Wu, 2007;Van Hell and Dijkstra, 2002). These studies raise important questions about the structure of the lexicon and the way that the acquisition of alternative lexical forms, and their meanings across the lifespan impacts the time course of word recognition, whether in the first (L1) or the second (L2) language. An enduring question is whether the earliest stages of word recognition can be limited to the target language only, 'selective access', or whether multilinguals generally activate representations from multiple languages even when there is no advantage to doing so, 'nonselective access'. Critically, there are questions about the scope of language nonselectivity and the factors that might serve to limit processing to the intended language.Both written and spoken word recognition studies provide evidence that L1 representations are active during L2 word recognition (Dijkstra, 2005;Marian and Spivey, 2003). These findings may not come as a surprise since the L1 is assumed to mediate and support L2 acquisition. Indeed, an early model of bilingual lexical representation, the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM; Kroll and Stewart, 1994) predicts that a reliance on lexical associations between L2 and L1 is a central feature of language usage during second language learning. With increasing pro...

A renewed interest in understanding the role of iconicity in the structure and processing of signed languages is hampered by the conflation of iconicity and transparency in the definition and operationalization of iconicity as a variable. We hypothesize that iconicity is fundamentally different than transparency since it arises from individuals’ experience with the world and their language, and is subjectively mediated by the signers’ construal of form and meaning. We test this hypothesis by asking American Sign Language (ASL) signers and German Sign Language (DGS) signers to rate iconicity of ASL and DGS signs. Native signers consistently rate signs in their own language as more iconic than foreign language signs. The results demonstrate that the perception of iconicity is intimately related to language-specific experience. Discovering the full ramifications of iconicity for the structure and processing of signed languages requires operationalizing this construct in a manner that is sensitive to language experience.