Development of Sport Courage ScaleWhile theory and practice of sport have much to say about fear, stress and anxiety, they have little to say about courage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a Sport Courage Scale. Data were collected from two groups of male and female athletes aged from 13 to 22 in different individual and team sports. The first set of data (N = 380) was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, and the second set of data (N = 388) was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. Analyses revealed a 5-factor structure of Sport Courage Scale that supported factorial validity and reliability of scale scores. These factors were labelled: "Determination", "Mastery", "Assertiveness", "Venturesome", and "Self-Sacrifice Behaviour". Finally, evidence of test-retest reliability of scale scores was supported based on responses from 75 athletes. However, more research is needed to further improve the Sport Courage Scale.

(1) Background: Individuals’ psychological traits can influence not just success in sport but also the ability to learn new motor skills. We investigated whether sport courage, worry and fear differ between alpine ski-naive and basic level skiers and how they affect ski learning. (2): A total of 337 students (249 ski-naive and 88 basic level) participated in research consisting of a four-part questionnaire and structured skiing program. (3) Results: For beginners, lower fear (r = −0.30, p < 0.01) and higher Self-efficiency (r = 0.28, p < 0.05) and mastery (r = 0.20, p < 0.01) were associated with better performance; reducing fear and increasing self-efficiency and worry increased performance. Experienced skiers were better in determination, mastery, and self-efficiency (all p < 0.05). In case of lower score in worry (r = −0.28, p < 0.01) and higher in self-efficiency (r = 0.22, p < 0.05) performance was better. Males scored higher in sport courage scale-31 (all p < 0.05). In particular, self-efficiency was associated with better (r = 0.39, p < 0.01), and higher fear with poorer performance (r = −0.33, p < 0.01). Moreover, self-efficiency was a predictor of ski success (p < 0.001). On the other hand, females like ski beginners scored higher in fear (p < 0.001). In females, determination, mastery and self-efficiency had a positive correlation with skiing (r = 0.21, p < 0.05, r = 0.28, p < 0.01, and r = 0.33, p < 0.01, respectively), while association between Fear and skiing (r = −0.46, p < 0.01) was negative, and fear (p < 0.001) was inversely related to success. (4): Conclusions: Psychological factors and gender differences need to be considered during learning phases of alpine skiing. There is a positive association between self-efficiency and performance of male ski beginners, and negative association between fear and achieved results in basic alpine ski school in case of female ski beginners.

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Amaç: Profesyonel güreşçilerin cesaret düzeyleri ve zihinsel dayanıklılıklarının yaş, spor yılı, millilik, antrenörleri ile çalışma süreleri, ceza alma ve sakatlık geçirme durumlarına göre incelenmesi ve aralarındaki ilişkinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu profesyonel güreş yapan ortalama yaşı 21, 43±5,31 olan, 9,19±5,63 spor yaşına sahip 118 profesyonel güreşçi oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak; Sheard, Golby &Wersch (2009) tarafından geliştirilen, Altıntaş ve Koruç (2017) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanarak geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması yapılan Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Ölçeği Konter ve Johan (2012), tarafından geliştirilen Sporda Cesaret Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde; betimleyici istatistikler, t testi, ANOVA ve Pearson Korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Güreşçilerin, zihinsel dayanıklılık ölçeği tüm alt boyutlarını doğru kabul ettikleri, sporda cesaret ölçeği alt boyutlarından kararlılık, atılganlık, tehlikeyi göze alma ve özverili olma boyutlarına katıldıkları ancak yetkinlik-ustalık boyutunda ise kararsızlık yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Cesaret ölçeği alt boyutları ile zihinsel dayanıklılık ölçeği alt boyutları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki görülmüştür. Sonuçlar: Profesyonel güreşçilerin, zihinsel dayanıklılıkları ile çesaret düzeylerinin ilişkili olduğu, spor ortamında yaşanılan sakatlıkların zihinsel dayanıklılık ve cesaret düzeyleri üzerinde olumsuz etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır Güreş, Abstract KeywordsAim: The purpose of this study is to examine the level of courage and mental toughness of professional wrestlers according to their age, sport year, a national player, working time with their coaches, punishment and disability and the relationship between them.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between female soccer players’ courage and key performance variables (level of participation, injury past, being selected or non-selected by a national team, being starter or substitute). Methods: The Sport Courage Scale-31, by Konter and Ng (2012) and key performance variables were collected from 210 female soccer players aged 12 to 27 (M = 17.97 ± 3.34 years old). Spearman correlations and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to analyse the collected data. Results: The correlations between mastery (r = 0.196), determination (p = 0.239), assertiveness (r = 0.325), sacrifice behaviour (r = 0.182), total sport courage (r = 0.265) and age of female soccer players were found to be significant (p < 0.05). Female soccer players who have sustained an injury in the past scored significantly higher on the venturesome scale (p = 0.006) than those who have not sustained an injury in the past. In comparison, female soccer players who have not sustained an injury in the past or who have not been substituted had significantly more mastery than female soccer players who have sustained an injury in the past or who have been substituted (p = 0.017, p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions: This study indicates that sport courage is related to key performance variables among female soccer players. Mastery and age seem to be related to courageous behaviour, whereas increasing venturesomeness might cause injuries in female soccer. Some relevant implications for practitioners can be drawn from the present findings.