Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) ground nanoparticles contain phenolics compounds that have anti-inflammatory effects, so they can be used as sources of active compounds in anti-inflammatory gel preparations. This study aims to determine the optimum formulation of anti-inflammatory gel preparations using Arabica coffee ground nanoparticles as active compounds. Treatment optimization was performed using a Response Surface Methodology according to the Box-Behnken Design with a quadratic model in the Design Expert Version 10.0.3.0 software. In this study we used three factors (x): carbopol 940, triethanolamine (TEA), and nanoparticles, each of which consists of three levels, the response (y) observed including the acidity degree (pH), spreadability, viscosity and total phenolic content. ANOVA analysis results show that the quadratic model is very appropriate since it produces a high R2 value and a low PRESS value for all responses, as well as significant p-values (<0.0500) and an insignificant lack of Fit values (p-value> 5%). The optimum formulations for the gel preparations of the Arabica coffee ground nanoparticles obtained in this study are carbopol 940 (0.569%), TEA (0.468%), and nanoparticles (3.000%), which have values w/o an interval (0.994) and a desirable (0.981) response to acidity (5.212), spreadability (5.850 cm), viscosity (3734.244 cps) and total phenolic content (669.227 µgGAE/g).
<p class="IsiabstrakIndonesia">Tanaman gedi (<em>Abelmoschus manihot</em>) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai sumber antioksidan. Selama ini, ekstraksi daun gedi dilakukan dengan teknik maserasi sederhana sehingga kondisi proses optimum untuk pengembangan skala industri belum diketahui. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan kondisi optimum proses ekstraksi dengan menggunakan teknik maserasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Teknologi Agro Kimia, Jurusan Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya, sejak Januari 2014 sampai Desember 2014. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan <em>Central Composite Design </em>(CCD), terdiri atas 20 run percobaan dengan 6 ulangan pada titik pusat (<em>centre point</em>). Analisis regresi dan keragaman dilakukan dengan menggunakan <em>Software Design Expert Ver. 9.0. Trial</em>. Setiap respon dari proses ekstraksi digunakan untuk mengembangkan sebuah model matematis yang berkorelasi dengan flavonoid total menurut persamaan polinomial. Selanjutnya ditentukan flavonoid total ekstrak daun gedi dan diuji aktivitas antioksidannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi proses optimum dengan menggunakan metode CCD diperoleh pada lama waktu ekstraksi 4,83 jam, suhu ekstraksi 34,33 <sup>o</sup>C dan kecepatan pengadukan 322 rpm dengan total flavonoid yang dihasilkan sebesar 55,41 mg g<sup>-1</sup> serta aktivitas antioksidan dalam IC<sub>50</sub> sebesar 383,49 ppm. Faktor paling berpengaruh pada proses ekstraksi daun gedi adalah waktu ekstraksi > kecepatan pengadukan > suhu ekstraksi.</p>
Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) grounds are kind of solid waste produced from filtering process containing many bioactive components and good for health. Nanoparticle technology can be used to produce nanoscale particles without separating the active compounds contained the rein. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of Arabica coffee grounds nanoparticles as active compounds to be used in pharmaceutical preparations. The research procedure was begun with collect the Arabica coffee grounds which was then processed into nanoparticles using the ball milling and ultrasonication technique. The nanoparticles were characterized using some techniques, namely particle size analysis using PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), phytochemical screening, total phenolics, pH, particle morphology using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and particle structure using FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The results showed that Arabica coffee grounds nanoparticles has a particle size of 396.0 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.254, solubility of 70.680% and pH 5.33, the positive Arabica coffee grounds nanoparticles containing secondary metabolites of alkaloids, saponins and phenolics with total phenolics 1246.90 μgGAE/g. Morphology of Arabica coffee grounds nanoparticles was in irregular granules form with an asymmetrical size and has active functional groups such as OH, NH, CH alkane, C≡N, C=O carboxylic acid, -C=C-, CO, and CC. It can be concluded that Arabica coffee grounds nanoparticles were potentially can be used as active compounds in various pharmaceutical preparations.
Pertumbuhan perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan yang cukup pesat. Dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan akibat pertumbuhan perkebunan kelapa sawit ini adalah kerusakan lingkungan dan peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sumber emisi GRK dari kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit dan memberikan alternative untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca melalui pemanfaatan kembali limbah padat dan cair sebagai substitusi pupuk anorganik. Metode yang digunakan adalah penilaian siklus daur hidup (LCA) berdasarkan framework ISO 14040. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa rata-rata emisi GRK yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit adalah 0.08 TCO2e/TTBS/Tahun. Kegiatan pemupukan mempunyai kontribusi cukup tinggi yaitu rata-rata emisi GRK yang dihasilkan adalah 0.07 TCO2e/TTBS/Tahun. Untuk mengurangi emisi GRK yaitu dengan mengoptimalkan penggunaan pupuk organic yang berasal dari limbah produksi CPO berupa limbah cair kelapa sawit (LCPKS) dan janjang kosong kelapa sawit (JJK). Penggunaan LCPKS sebagai pupuk organik berpotensi mengurangi emisi GRK sebesar 0.015 TCO2e/TTBS atau setara dengan 17.03%, sementara penggunaan JJK berpotensi mengurangi emisi GRK sebesar 0.029 TCO2e/TTBS atau setara dengan 33.98%. Optimalisasi penggunaan LCPKS dan JJK sebagai pupuk organik memberikan dampak yang signifikan untuk mengurangi emisi GRK dalam kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit.
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