No abstract

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are among the most common species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which cause vaginitis, in infertile women. The Calamus rhizome (Acorus calamus L.) is an Indonesian plant that has antibacterial properties that can be used to treat vaginitis and increase fertility. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of the calamus rhizoma in polar, semi-polar and non-polar solvents in the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. The antibacterial activity test was in the form of inhibitory test using the Kirby-Bauer, Minimum Inhibi-tion Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by microdilution method with multilevel dilution (concentra-tions 50; 25; 12.5; 6.25; 3.13; 1.56; 0.78; and 0.39%). The screening results showed that ethanol and n-hexane extract contained alkaloids and triterpenoids, while chloroform extract was only triterpenoid. Chloroform extract produced the largest inhibition zone diameter of S. aureus and E. coli (7.26 and 3.28 mm), followed by ethanol extract (5.90 and 3.07 mm) and n-hexane extract (5.33 and 2.95 mm). The concentrations of 0.39 and 0.78% were the values of MIC and MBC for all three extracts, indicating that the extract of the calamus rhizome with several solvents in this study had the same antibacterial activity.

This research raises issues of political participation of marginalized groups (transvestites and gays) in regional head elections in Banyuwangi Regency in 2020. Seeing the number of transvestites and gays in Banyuwangi Regency which reached 979 people. If viewed from the number of votes, of course, they surely can influence the election results in Banyuwangi Regency. Transvestites and gays are very interesting to study, because they have high exclusivity and different ways of socializing in society in general and of course have unique political interests and expectations of public policies that benefit them. The results showed that, although transvestite and gay groups have a distinctive pattern compared to other groups of society, especially those related to their political interests. However, the political participation of gay and transvestite groups belongs to the observer group. That is, gay and transvestite groups only participate in voting in the vote only