The higher prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in US blacks as compared with whites may be due to a higher frequency of NIDDM risk factors in blacks, a higher inherent susceptibility to NIDDM among blacks, or the risk factors' having a greater effect in blacks. The authors evaluated 4,379 subjects from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980) for whom NIDDM was ascertained by medical history and oral glucose tolerance test, and for whom data on a number of risk factors were available. The prevalence of NIDDM was 60% higher in blacks than in whites (p < 0.001) and was highest in black women. Although most risk factors for NIDDM were more common in blacks, this higher frequency did not completely explain the racial disparity in the prevalence of NIDDM. After adjustment for all risk factors by logistic regression, an elevated risk of NIDDM was particularly evident at higher obesity levels in blacks as compared with whites; the odds were 70% higher for blacks at a percentage of desirable weight of 150 (95% confidence interval 1.1-2.8). The risk of NIDDM associated with obesity was greatest in black women: The odds in this group were sevenfold higher at a percentage of desirable weight of 150 versus 100 (95% confidence interval 2.6-18.8). The possibility of racial differences in metabolic adaptation to obesity highlights the importance of preventing this condition in blacks, particularly in black women.
SUMMARY Twenty‐eight children were filmed sequentially throughout the initial period of independent gait. Pelvic tilt and pelvic rotation were observed prior to independent gait or shortly thereafter. With few exceptions, heel strike, flexion at mid‐stance and a mature foot and knee mechanism appeared within 40 weeks following the initiation of independent gait. In every case, these characteristics were present by 55 weeks. The width of base narrowed within the lateral dimensions of the trunk and synchronous upper extremity movement was observed by this time also. It would appear that the adult pattern of gait appears significantly earlier than is generally accepted. RÉSUMÉ Développement de la démarche chez l'enfant: Hème Partie 28 enfants ont été filmes par période durant tout le temps de facquisition d'une démarche indépendante. L'inclinaison et la rotation pelviennes ont été notées avant la démarche indépendante ou peu après. A quelques exceptions près, le heurt du talon, la flexion à mid‐stance et le mécanisme mature du pied et du genou sont apparus dans les 40 semaines ayant suivi le début de la démarche indépendante. Dans tous les cas, ces caractèristiques étaient présentes au bout de 55 semaines. Le rétrécissement de la base de sustentation à l'intérieur des limites latérales du tronc et le mouvement synchrone des membres supérieurs ont étéégalement observés à cette date. Il semble done que les shèmes adultes de la démarche apparaissent plus tôt qu'on ne le pense généralement. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Entwicklung des Gehens in der Kindheit: Teil II 28 Kinder wurden während der initialen Periode unabhängigen Gehens regelmäßig gefilmt. Eine Neigung und Rotation des Beckens wurden vor dem unabhängigen Gehen oder kurz danach beobachtet. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen konnten Fersengang, Beugung bei Mittelstellung und ein ausgereifter Fuß‐ und Kniemechanismus innerhalb von 10 Monaten (40 Wochen) nach dem Beginn des unabhängigen Gehens beobachtet werden. In jedem Fall waren diese Zeichen nach 55 Wochen vorhanden. Die Weite des Standes verengte sich im Rahmen der seitlichen Ausmaße des Stammes, und gleichzeitig konnte man eine synchrone Bewegung der oberen Extremitäten beobachten. Die Autoren sind der Überzeugung, daß sich die Eigenart des Erwachsenen‐Gehens deutlich früher ausprägt als allgemein angenommen wird. RESUME Desarrollo de la marcha en la infancia: Parte II Se filmaron 28 niños de forma secuencial a lo largo del período inicial de marcha independiente o muy poco después de la misma. Se observó una basculación y rotación de la pelvis. Con unas pocas excepciones, taconeo, una postura en semiflexión y un mecanismo maduro pie‐rodilla aparecieron dentro de los 10 meses (40 semanas) después del inicio de la deambulación independiente; en todos los casos estas características estaban presentes a las 55 semanas. La base de sustentación se estrechó dentro de las dimensiones laterales del tronco y por este tiempo se observaron también movimientos sincrónicos de las extremidades superiores. Los autores estan convencidos de que...
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