We study the transmission of monetary policy shocks in a model in which realistic heterogeneity in price rigidity interacts with heterogeneity in sectoral size and input-output linkages, and derive conditions under which these heterogeneities generate large real effects. Quantitatively, heterogeneity in the frequency of price adjustment is the most important driver behind large real effects. Heterogeneity in input-output linkages and consumption shares contribute only marginally to real effects but alter substantially the identity and contribution of the most important sectors to the transmission of monetary shocks. In the model and data, reducing the number of sectors decreases monetary non-neutrality with a similar impact response of inflation. Hence, the initial response of inflation to monetary shocks is not sufficient to discriminate across models and for the real effects of nominal shocks and ignoring heterogeneous consumption shares and input-output linkages identifies the wrong sectors from which the real effects originate. Resumen Este artículo estudia la transmisión de la política monetaria en una economía donde interactúan tres dimensiones de heterogeneidad entre sectores que son empíricamente relevantes: rigideces nominales, tamaño y relaciones insumo-producto. Se obtienen condiciones en que estas tres formas de heterogeneidad amplifican el efecto real de la política monetaria. De ellas, la heterogeneidad en la frecuencia de cambios de precios es la más relevante cuantitativamente; heterogeneidad en tamaño y relaciones insumo-producto sólo tienen un impacto marginal. Tanto en el modelo como en el análisis empírico, reducir el nivel de desagregación reduce el efecto real de la política monetaria manteniendo un efecto similar sobre la inflación. Por lo tanto, la práctica usual de enfocarse en el efecto de la política monetaria sobre los precios no provee información suficiente para deducir su We thank
The idea that monetary policy is principally about "managing expectations" has taken hold in central banks around the world. Discussions of expectations management by central bankers, academics and by financial market participants frequently also include the idea that central bank credibility is imperfect. We adapt a familiar macroeconomic model so as to discuss key concepts in the area of expectations management. Our work also exemplifies a model construction approach to analyzing the dynamics of announcements, actions, and credibility that we think makes feasible a wide range of future investigations concerning the management of expectations. Copyright (c) 2008 The Ohio State University.
We study the transmission of monetary policy shocks in a model in which realistic heterogeneity in price rigidity interacts with heterogeneity in sectoral size and input-output linkages, and derive conditions under which these heterogeneities generate large real effects. Quantitatively, heterogeneity in the frequency of price adjustment is the most important driver behind large real effects. Heterogeneity in input-output linkages and consumption shares contribute only marginally to real effects but alter substantially the identity and contribution of the most important sectors to the transmission of monetary shocks. In the model and data, reducing the number of sectors decreases monetary non-neutrality with a similar impact response of inflation. Hence, the initial response of inflation to monetary shocks is not sufficient to discriminate across models and for the real effects of nominal shocks and ignoring heterogeneous consumption shares and input-output linkages identifies the wrong sectors from which the real effects originate. Resumen Este artículo estudia la transmisión de la política monetaria en una economía donde interactúan tres dimensiones de heterogeneidad entre sectores que son empíricamente relevantes: rigideces nominales, tamaño y relaciones insumo-producto. Se obtienen condiciones en que estas tres formas de heterogeneidad amplifican el efecto real de la política monetaria. De ellas, la heterogeneidad en la frecuencia de cambios de precios es la más relevante cuantitativamente; heterogeneidad en tamaño y relaciones insumo-producto sólo tienen un impacto marginal. Tanto en el modelo como en el análisis empírico, reducir el nivel de desagregación reduce el efecto real de la política monetaria manteniendo un efecto similar sobre la inflación. Por lo tanto, la práctica usual de enfocarse en el efecto de la política monetaria sobre los precios no provee información suficiente para deducir su We thank
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