In order to characterize the light scattered by eye protection filters a reduced luminance coefficient l* = L(s)/tauE is defined: L(s), luminance of scattered light, tau directional transmittance of the filter, E illuminance of incident radiation. The possibilities of measuring this quantity, which is specific for the material concerned [unit (cd/m(2))/lx = sr(-1)] are discussed, and a method is described which also fulfills the ophthalmological conditions; this is demonstrated for filters used in welding. By comparison measurements with an earlier American method, which gives the percentage of the scattered light, it is shown that a value l* = (1 cd/m(2))/lx is equivalent to 0.8% scattered light.

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Compact parallel transmitters and receivers with an aggregate capacity of 107 Gb/s are built through hybrid integration of arrays of ten 100-GHz spaced directly modulated lasers, arrays of ten avalanche photodiodes, and high-index contrast silica arrayed waveguide grating multi-and demultiplexers. Unamplified transmission over 75 km of standard single-mode fiber and 155-km amplified links is demonstrated in the C-band, by using a modulation format based on spectral offset filtering and electronic dispersion compensation.Index Terms-Hybrid photonic integration, optical communication systems, optical transmitters and receivers.