BACKGROUND Zygoma is a very crucial component, which maintains facial contour. Fracture and dislocation of this bone not only causes cosmetic defects, but also disrupts ocular and mandibular functions. Fractures can involve any of the four articulations of zygoma, which include zygomaticomaxillary complex, zygomatic complex and orbitozygomatic complex. Management depends on a thorough preoperative physical examination with special attention to the ophthalmologic assessment. Fractures involving zygoma should be repaired at the earliest, because it can cause both functional and cosmetic defects. These fractures are common in our institution and a study is being undertaken to study the causes, pattern of fractures, the diagnostic and treatment modalities adopted. The aim of this study is to analyse the cause, age and gender, incidence, sites of fracture of zygoma, various combinations of fractures, diagnostic and treatment modalities that were used. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective descriptive study includes 366 patients with fractures of zygoma treated in the Department of Plastic Surgery at Gandhi Medical College between the years 2008-2017. The history obtained, clinical examination and diagnostic tests done were analysed. Incidence, age, gender, site of fracture, side of fracture, aetiology and method of management and the outcome after surgery were the different variables analysed. RESULTS 366 patients with fractures of zygoma were analysed. There is a rise of incidence ranging from as low as 12.96% to as high as 62.50% of total fracture of faciomaxillary cases during the decade. Males were more frequently involved (88.79%) in comparison to females. The commonly involved age group was between 21-30 years (36.88%). Most of the patients sustained injuries due to road traffic accidents (78.14%). Body of the zygoma was involved in 33.33% of total cases of fracture zygoma cases. X-rays, digital x-rays and 3D computerised tomography were used as the diagnostic modalities. Open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screws was done in 50.27% of cases. Complications like wound infection, plate exposure were noted in 8.46% (31 out of 366 patients). CONCLUSION Road traffic accidents were found to be the common cause of fractures of the zygoma. Awareness regarding traffic rules and regulations and counselling youth regarding hazards of drunken driving, bike and car races on public roads should to be done. In young males, body of the zygoma was more commonly involved. Early intervention enabled good functional and aesthetic outcomes. Patients with restricted mouth opening can be attended to by either redo-ORIF or dilatations with Heister's dilator or by insertion of the ice cream sticks by increasing them progressively.

BACKGROUND Chronic alcoholics getting admitted with burn injuries is common. Thiamine is administered in them along with antipsychotics when they develop AWS. The objectives of this study were-1. to determine the incidence of "AWS" in chronic alcoholics with burn injuries, and 2. to determine the role of thiamine. MATERIALS & METHODS This observational prospective study was done in 62 chronic alcoholic patients with burn injuries in the Department of Plastic surgery, in Gandhi hospital during January 2015 and December 2016. Sample size was taken for convenience. RESULTS Amongst the admitted patients, 90.32% were male and 9.67% were female. The mean age of the patients was 43.22 years. The SD was 10.74. 50% of them were laborers. 40.32 % developed "AWS". 32.25% of them were in Group I and 48.38% in Group II. GGT, AST, ALT were elevated and AST: ALT ratio was more than 1 in 51.61% of alcoholics. "AWS", lasted 4.2 days in Group I and 7.14 days in Group II patients; the AST: ALT ratio was greater than one in 60 % and GGT was elevated in 56% in those who developed AWS. CONCLUSION AWS was common, the incidence was higher, and recovery was delayed in those who did not receive Thiamine. Though all the liver enzymes were found to be elevated, GGT was elevated the most.

BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is a relatively uncommon malignancy accounting for less than 1% of all new malignancies. It is a slowly progressing disease and has an overall favourable outcome with only 9% of patients dying from it. The relatively indolent nature of thyroid malignancy is generally ascribed to the innocuous biological behaviour that is characteristic of these neoplasms. Among the various types of thyroid cancers, papillary carcinoma is the most common form followed by follicular and medullary carcinoma. Of all the thyroid carcinomas, papillary carcinoma has better prognosis. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma usually assumes an aggressive course and is rapidly lethal, carrying the poorest prognosis of all. Most patients present with a palpable swelling in the neck which initiates assessment through a combination of history, physical examination, and FNA biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study of 50 cases of primary malignant tumours of thyroid diagnosed and treated in Osmania General Hospital and MNJ institute of oncology between June 2008 and November 2010 RESULTS The mean age of thyroid malignancy was 35.46 years with a female preponderance. 70% of the patients had papillary carcinoma followed by follicular carcinoma in 24%, Hurthle cell variant in 4% and lymphoma in the rest. Most of the cases (56%) had presented with solitary thyroid nodule and a history of duration between one to two years in 17 patients. Cervical lymph node enlargement was found in 17.14% of patients with papillary carcinoma. CONCLUSION Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine neoplasm which can occur most commonly between age groups of 21-65 years. Women are frequently affected. Usual mode of presentation is solitary thyroid enlargement with papillary carcinoma as the common type. Lymphatic spread is common with papillary carcinomas.