Wild food plants (WFPs) are often highly nutritious but under-consumed at the same time. This study aimed to document the diversity of WFPs, and assess perceptions, attitudes, and drivers of change in their consumption among Minangkabau and Mandailing women farmers in West Sumatra. We applied a mixed-method approach consisting of interviews with 200 women and focus group discussions with 68 participants. The study documented 106 WFPs (85 species), and Minangkabau were found to steward richer traditional knowledge than Mandailing. Although both communities perceived WFPs positively, consumption has declined over the last generation. The main reasons perceived by respondents were due to the decreased availability of WFPs and changes in lifestyle. The contemporary barriers to consuming WFPs were low availability, time constraints, and a limited knowledge of their nutritional value. The key motivations for their use were that they are free and “unpolluted” natural foods. The main drivers of change were socio-economic factors and changes in agriculture and markets. However, the persistence of a strong culture appears to slow dietary changes. The communities, government and NGOs should work together to optimize the use of this food biodiversity in a sustainable way. This integrated approach could improve nutrition while conserving biological and cultural diversity.

Context: In many regions of Indonesia, there are numerous traditional herbal preparations for treatment of infectious diseases. However, their antimicrobial potential has been poorly studied by modern laboratory methods. Objective: This study investigates in vitro antimicrobial activity of 49 ethanol extracts from 37 plant species used in Indonesian traditional medicine for treatment against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods: The plants were collected from the Biopharmaca collection garden, Bogor, Indonesia. The plant material was dried, finely grounded, extracted using ethanol, concentrated, and the dried residue was dissolved in 100% DMSO. Antimicrobial activity was determined in terms of a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. Results: The extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. (Lamiaceae) leaf produced the strongest antimicrobial effect, inhibiting the growth of C. albicans (MIC 128 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 256 μg/mL), E. faecalis (MIC 256 μg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (MIC 256 μg/mL). The leaf extract of Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. (Lythraceae) also exhibited significant effect against C. albicans (MIC 128 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 256 μg/mL) and E. faecalis (MIC 256 μg/mL). Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. (Lamiaceae) leaf extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus (MIC 256 µg/mL) and C. albicans (MIC 256 µg/mL). Discussion and conclusions: The leaf extract of O. aristatus and W. floribunda exhibited a significant anti-candidal effect. Therefore, both of these plants can serve as prospective source materials for the development of new anti-candidal agents.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the prospects for plant conservation in high conservation value (HCV) oil palm plantations based on the sustainability value of plant species and population structure. The study was conducted in the HCV areas of three oil palm plantation companies and secondary forest in Riau Province. Data was collected by analyzing vegetation measuring 1.28-2.56 ha/plot in the HCV area and 3.84 ha/plot in secondary forest. Data analysis was carried out using relative density, and analysis of regeneration conditions were included in five categories (good, poor, fair, none, new). Data analysis related to the assessment of the prospect of HCV areas is carried out from the results of the analysis of the effectiveness of the HCV area and plant sustainability. The HCV area prospect assessment is grouped into three categories, namely prospective, moderately prospective, and not yet prospective. The results showed that the HCV area was not yet effective and the condition of important plant species was not sustainable. The HCV area has not been effectively assessed from the comparison of the value of the vegetation community between the HCV area and secondary forest, including low (<25%). PT A's HCV area in the form of forest has a higher effectiveness value than other HCV areas and secondary forest. The results showed that the most important plant species regeneration conditions were included in the none category (57.14%). This category shows that plant species are not yet sustainable because they are only found at one growth level, namely trees. So now it can be concluded that the purpose of the existence of HCV areas in maintaining and conserving plant diversity in oil palm plantations has not been implemented properly. Key words: Conservation of plants , High conservation value, Oil palm plantations, Vegetation analysis

ABSTRAK

Ruteng Mountains in