<p><em> </em><em>Ergonomics risk factors are the leading cause of musculoskeletal disorders experienced by workers. The results of a walkthrough survey that the authors conducted to see the processes carried out by rice farmers, starting from the nursery to the harvesting process, found that spraying had the highest ergonomic risk. The spraying activity involves lifting and carrying a reasonably heavy sprayer with a minimum capacity of 13 litres. The body must bend &gt; 20⁰ to compensate for the burden on the back. This spraying activity is also accompanied by repetitive movements of the left arm when pumping the sprayer lever, an awkward position of the left arm raised &gt;45⁰, and a static position of the right hand holding the nozzle stick to be directed to the field area. The results of this observation follow the author's findings when conducting health checks on farmer groups in Rorotan Village, Cilincing District, North Jakarta, who found that almost all farmers had musculoskeletal complaints, especially after spraying activities. This is the basis that it is necessary to intervene in this process to reduce musculoskeletal complaints experienced by farmers. The intervention was carried out by providing a modified electric sprayer with a polyurethane (PU) hose with a diameter of 6 mm and a length of 40 meters which aims to reduce lifting and carrying activities, repetitive movements, and awkward positions. To see the program's success, an assessment was carried out before and after the intervention, including the assessment of the body discomfort map, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain and comfort, and the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment). The results of assessing farmers' subjective complaints using the body map discomfort questionnaire and the previous VAS decreased from 6.83 to 2.93, while the VAS value for comfort increased from 2.8 to 7.4. An objective assessment using REBA also found a decrease in the score from 10 to 3. To complement the program, education is also carried out to stretch every 2 hours of work and education on using proper and appropriate </em><em>tools</em><em>.</em></p>

Introduction: Naphthalene is a chemical exposure found in various industries, including in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride, synthetic resins, lubricants, mothballs, and used as fuel additives. The exposure to naphthalene in humans has several detrimental health effects such as hemolytic anemia, kidney and liver disorders. Therefore, biological monitoring is needed as a health surveillance of naphthalene exposure. Generally, the biomonitoring examination carried out for this is naphthol in the blood. However, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,2-DHN) is also known to be another major metabolite. Therefore, this literature review aims to determine whether 1,2-DHN can also be a reliable biomonitoring test on occupational exposure to naphthalene. Methods: PubMed, Proquest, and Google Scholar were used to conduct article searches. The articles were chosen based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected articles were then critically appraised. Results: Four cross-sectional articles examining 1,2-DHN in the urine of naphthalene-exposed workers were selected and reviewed. There was a similar result from all selected articles that elevated levels of 1,2-DHN in the urine, indicating workplace exposure to naphthalene. Moreover, apart from having a strong correlation with 1- and 2-naphthol, 1,2-DHN also has a high sensitivity compared to these established metabolites. Conclusion: Based on the articles obtained, 1,2-DHN can be a reliable biological monitoring for workers exposed to naphthalene. However, further research is still needed on other industries exposed to naphthalene and is needed to ascertain the correlation between external and internal exposure to naphthalene.