<p><em> </em><em>Ergonomics risk factors are the leading cause of musculoskeletal disorders experienced by workers. The results of a walkthrough survey that the authors conducted to see the processes carried out by rice farmers, starting from the nursery to the harvesting process, found that spraying had the highest ergonomic risk. The spraying activity involves lifting and carrying a reasonably heavy sprayer with a minimum capacity of 13 litres. The body must bend &gt; 20⁰ to compensate for the burden on the back. This spraying activity is also accompanied by repetitive movements of the left arm when pumping the sprayer lever, an awkward position of the left arm raised &gt;45⁰, and a static position of the right hand holding the nozzle stick to be directed to the field area. The results of this observation follow the author's findings when conducting health checks on farmer groups in Rorotan Village, Cilincing District, North Jakarta, who found that almost all farmers had musculoskeletal complaints, especially after spraying activities. This is the basis that it is necessary to intervene in this process to reduce musculoskeletal complaints experienced by farmers. The intervention was carried out by providing a modified electric sprayer with a polyurethane (PU) hose with a diameter of 6 mm and a length of 40 meters which aims to reduce lifting and carrying activities, repetitive movements, and awkward positions. To see the program's success, an assessment was carried out before and after the intervention, including the assessment of the body discomfort map, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain and comfort, and the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment). The results of assessing farmers' subjective complaints using the body map discomfort questionnaire and the previous VAS decreased from 6.83 to 2.93, while the VAS value for comfort increased from 2.8 to 7.4. An objective assessment using REBA also found a decrease in the score from 10 to 3. To complement the program, education is also carried out to stretch every 2 hours of work and education on using proper and appropriate </em><em>tools</em><em>.</em></p>

Introduction: Indonesia is the fifth tobacco producing country in the world. The climate and weather in Indonesia are very suitable for tobacco plantations. At harvest season, tobacco farmers face the risk of being exposed to nicotine compounds due to skin contact with tobacco leaves. This exposure can cause a syndrome known as Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, headache, insomnia and loss of appetite. These symptoms are not specific enough to describe GTS, so biological monitoring is required. As one of the main metabolites, cotinine has been used as a biological marker to assess nicotine exposure. This study aims to examine the reliability of nicotine biomonitoring in tobacco farmers with symptoms of GTS. Methods: We searched the online electronic databases, namely PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus for appropriate evidence based material. We then made adjustments using the inclusion and exclusion critertia to then conduct a critical review of the selected articles. Results: We obtained four articles, consisting of 3 articles examining urinary cotinine as a biomarker of nicotine exposure, and another 1 article examining cotinine saliva. The articles gave us the similar pattern that in tobacco farmers with GTS symptoms there was an increase in cotinine levels, both measured in urine and saliva. Conclusion: Based on the articles obtained, cotinine, as a nicotine metabolite, can be a reliable biomarker assessing nicotine exposure in tobacco farmers with GTS symptoms. However, more research is needed to compare the best selection of biological samples such as urine, blood or saliva.