The aim of this study was to highlight the possible cause of hematological differences in newborn and aging for appropriate hematological reference values to be used for treatment at all developmental stages. The neonate (newborn infant) older child and adult exhibit profound hematologic differences from one another because children mature at different rates, quantitative and qualitative differences are present as a reflection of the developmental changes during fetal hematopoiesis which correlate with gestational age. At birth, hematological of term newborns are significantly higher than those of older children and adults and in preterm neonates the differences are even more pronounced. It is inappropriate to use adult reference ranges for the assessment of pediatric blood values. Geriatric medicine is a rapidly growing branch of medicine, care of the elderly has become a growing trend as the life expectancy of the population continues to increase. Hematological changes are obvious in both the neonates and the elderly persons and at such; different hematological variables must be implemented in various developmental stages of the neonates as well as the different classes of aged elderly individuals. Also among the elderly, certain hematological disorders are more common which need urgent attention of their physicians. This review highlighted some major factors that responsible for hematological differences in newborn and aging.

Background: In reality, fear of being infected at work has led to stigmatization and discriminatory treatment of HIV/AIDS patients. The consequence of such negative attitude is poor management of people with HIV/AIDS who need most care, treatment, and support. Aim: To evaluate attitudes and behaviors of healthcare professionals toward HIV/AIDS patients in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria. 250 healthcare professionals were selected randomly, Participants completed a well-structured, self-administered questionnaire delivered to them at their workplace. Data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS software version 9. Results: A total of 250 healthcare professionals participated in the study, 148(59.2%) were males and 102 (40.8%) were females. 153(61.2%) of them had been working between 0- 10 years with prevalence age group 30-40 years. Majority of Healthcare professionals (HCPs) in this study demonstrated positive attitude and behaviour toward HIV/AIDS patients. However, minority of HCPs had negative attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients by agreed to the statements that HCPs should not share office with HIV patients, beds of HIV patients should be marked and HCPs should allow relation to marry HIV patients. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should have access to up-to-date information on all aspects of HIV/AIDS through effective training on the modes of HIV transmission, prevention, counselling, guidelines for safe practice and the rights of PLWHIV, this would reduce discriminatory attitudes towards PLWHIV and also improve patients' care and access to quality healthcare services.

Immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA were estimated on 3 occasions in 59 male volunteers who were taking dapsone-pyrimethamine once weekly (dapsone: 100 mg + pyrimethamine: 12.5 mg) for malaria chemoprophylaxis. Immunoglobulins IgG and IgM measured at the 7th week of chemoprophylaxis were significantly lower than baseline values (using Students' t-test for paired data), but none of the values were below 700 mg% for IgG or 30 mg% for IgM. Immunoglobulin concentrations estimated in 45 of the 59 men 6 weeks after discontinuation of chemoprophylaxis showed a return to baseline for IgM but not IgG, which remained low. On all 3 occasions there was no significant change in the IgA concentrations. The clinical implication of these findings is not known. Further studies are required to define the effects of antimalarial drugs on the antibody response to infection and immunization.

Background: Differences in prevalence and severity of HIV/AIDS between males and females remain complex and controversial; this may vary with time in the same location during the course of the epidemic, and vary greatly by place of residence. The aim of the study was to assess existent sex variations, the efficacy and ability of HAART to resolve hematological and immunological abnormalities in HIV infected.Methodology: A total of 400 HIV infected participants were recruited for the study from Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti between Agust-2013 to February 2014. 4ml of blood samples were collected into K 2 EDTA bottles for the analysis of hematological and immunological parameters. The volunteers comprised of both male and female respectively 123 (54 on HAART and 69 HAART naïve) 277 (146 on HAART and 131 HAART naïve).Results: Hematological and immunological parameters were found to be significantly different (p<0.05) among male and female patients under HAART. Conclusion:This study revealed that there is significant difference in hematological and immunological parameters between male and female on HAART and HAART naïve patients.