In recent years, when we are more exposed to the negative effects of climate change and the conscious or unconscious activities of human beings on nature, businesses have started to see nature as a stakeholder within the framework of their social responsibility understanding. It is seen that business administrations, which draw attention to environmental problems in particular, are closely interested in issues such as supporting nature protection activities, energy production/consumption, amount of carbon dioxide released or soil/water/air pollution through regulations or restrictions. On the other hand, businesses incur some preventive, reducing and restorative environmental additional costs that arise for the purposes of protecting or using the nature in which they operate. The emerging green accounting practices at this point are based on the necessity of businesses to internalize environmental costs. In other words, green accounting, or environmental accounting, is a type of accounting that tries to integrate environmental costs with the normal production costs of enterprises into the financial results of their activities. Thus, with green accounting practices, it is possible to determine the resource use of enterprises and the costs incurred on the ecosystem. In this context, the study aims to explain what environmental costs are, how these costs should be included in the current accounting system and how they should be accounted for, by examining the current literature on green accounting. Even if the environmental activities of the enterprises are recorded, the information users cannot understand what these activities are from the financial statements produced in the current accounting system. Therefore, in the study, after explaining how environmental costs are accounted in the current accounting system, suggestions have been made to make environmental activities visible to all stakeholders. Thus, businesses will have fulfilled the requirement of the concept of social responsibility, which is one of the basic concepts of accounting. It is anticipated that the study will contribute to the existing literature in terms of identifying and accounting for environmental costs and also raising awareness about being more sensitive to the environment.

The price of fertiliser, which is one of the most important inputs of agricultural production, has increased significantly in recent years. In this study, we empirically analysed the effect of volatility in fertiliser prices on selected agricultural products by using the Diebold-Yilmaz connectedness approach, which is based on time-varying parameter (TVP) vector auto-regression (VAR). The findings showed that the spread of volatility and the interconnectedness between these variables increased in times of crisis and that the risk pass-through was due to fertiliser prices. However, empirical results showed that the price volatility of phosphate rock and urea was highly correlated to the volatility of other products. Furthermore, we found that sugar, soybean and cotton were the agricultural products most vulnerable to the effects of external shocks.

The aim of this study is to examine the volatility spillover between bitcoin and Turkish financial markets for the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods. Using GARCH-based volatility spillover indices, the authors find that BTC-USD was a volatility transmitter in the pre-COVID-19 period but has become the main volatility receiver in the COVID-19 period, and its net volatility transmission fell from 0.7% to -10.84%. Moreover, they concluded that the total spillover index increased from 12.49% to 15.25% indicates a low connectedness between the markets in both periods and the error variance in markets is on average 15.25% originated from other markets in the COVID-19 period.

In agricultural economics, fluctuations in food prices and the factors affecting these fluctuations have always been an important research topic. From production to delivery to consumers, the supply chain of agricultural products has a dynamic structure with continuous changes. In this dynamic process, analyzing the intensive use of energy at each stage has gained more importance with its deepening effects in comparison to the past. This study will empirically explore the volatility spillovers between energy price index and fruit-vegetables price index in the period of 2007-2020 in Turkey using the Kanas and Diebold-Yilmaz approaches. According to the results obtained from the Kanas approach in the study, it has been observed that there is a statistically significant volatility spillover from the energy price index to the vegetable price index, whereas there is no statistically significant volatility spillover to the fruit price index. This finding was supported by the results obtained from the Diebold-Yilmaz approach showing that there is a volatility spillover of 13.52% to the vegetable price index and 0.86% to the fruit price index from the energy price index.