One of the consequences of globalisation for Turkey, as well as in other emerging countries, has been an increasing trend in health tourism. Households have been considered choice the best option in terms of price and alternative possibilities while they have been solved their health problems. Previous studies have argued that the main drivers of the growth of inbound health tourism to developing countries are lower costs, shorter waiting periods, and better quality of care. This study aimed to test the effect of health and social service sector growth on the flow of inbound health tourism between 2004:Q1 and 2015:Q4 by employing Granger causality and Johansen cointegration approaches. Our findings suggested that there is a long-run Granger causality from domestic health and social work expenditures to health tourism income whereas this is non-existence in the opposite direction.

No abstract

A positive relationship between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) is shown in this article; examining the per capita income and CO 2 emissions of 20 high-income countries for . It also appears that there is a positive relation from GDP to CO 2 except for Norway. While we found the coefficients for individual countries to be from 0.27-1.73, the panel varies from 0.70-1.03 in terms of time dummies effect. On the other hand, when we examine dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimates, the results are in the line with fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimates. The panel FMOLS test results in average illustrate that a 1% increases in GDP causes a 0.86% rise in CO 2 emission whereas a 1.07% increase is found from DOLS.

No abstract

Abstracttourism has been one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world. especially developed countries have been major markets for tourism destinations over the decades. furthermore, the outbound tourism demand in emerging markets has increased rapidly in recent years. this study aims to investigate the determinants of turkey's outbound tourism demand by using the data from 1960 to 2013. for this purpose, the Markov switching Vector Autoregressive Model is used as an empirical analysis. this model classifies the time period into different regimes in order to obtain more robust results. finally, our findings show that turkish citizens' outbound visits have been influenced by income and the exchange rates.