Objective: The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Design: The current study was done with a population-based cross-sectional design. The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. The study subjects were divided into the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary macronutrients and NAFLD. Substitution analyses were also performed. Setting: Amol and its suburban areas in Iran. Participants: Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data. Results: Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). Conclusions: Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA.

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Introduction: Dietary patterns are an important factors in the progress of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to assess the association between dietary patterns and coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: A case-control study was carried on 550 participants. Food expenditure was collected using a validated 168-item food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were extracted by principal component analysis (PCA). Multiple logistic regressions was used to assess the association between dietary patterns and the risk of CAD. Results: Three major dietary patterns were identified: the "Quasi-Western Pattern" was characterized by higher intakes of sweets and desserts, snacks, legumes, honey or jam, ketchup, mayonnaise, yellow vegetables, potatoes, red meat, refined grains; the "Sugar and Fast foods Pattern" was characterized by higher intakes of sugar, soft drinks, fast foods, high-fat dairy, hydrogenated fats, and the "Quasi-Mediterranean Pattern" was characterized by higher intakes of fruits, cruciferous vegetables, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, nuts, coffee. In both sexes, the "Quasi-Western Pattern" and the "Sugar and Fast foods Pattern" were positively associated with the risk of CAD. For "Quasi-Western Pattern", adjusted-ORs were (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.99-1.83, P = 0.05) and (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.03-1.83, P = 0.03)for men and women respectively. The ORs were for "Sugar and Fast foods Pattern" (OR: 3.64, 95% CI:2.25-5.89, P < 0.001) and (OR: 3.91, 95% CI: 2.42-6.63, P < 0.001) for men and women respectively.There was a significant inverse relationship among "Quasi-Mediterranean pattern" and CAD in the crude model in women (OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.55-0.89, P = 0.0.004). Conclusion: High adherence to the "Quasi-Western Pattern" and "Sugar-Fast foods Pattern" dietary patterns were associated with a higher risk of CAD. The "Quasi-Mediterranean pattern" reduced the risk of CAD.

Background & objectives:Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in many countries, including Iran. This study aimed to determine the relationship between food security and type of carbohydrates consumption in coronary heart diseases patients in Amol city. Methods: In this case-control study, 180 subjects with coronary heart disease and 370 healthy controls in the Hospital were enrolled. The anthropometric indices and BMI were measured and calculated. The FFQ and food security questionnaires were filled. Data were analyzed using independent T-test, Chi-square test and logistic regression with SPSS (V. 20). Results: Results showed that more than 80% of subjects in both groups of case and control had food security. More than 17% of cases and 15% of controls had food insecurity. In all participants, safe and non-safe food groups, subjects in the second and third quartiles of complex carbohydrates intakes, had a lower chance of coronary artery disease compared to the first quartile, although this difference was not significant. Higher intakes of simple carbohydrates in three groups (all participants, safe and non-safe) increased the chance of coronary artery disease and this difference was significant between the quartiles. The results showed that the risk of coronary artery disease in the non-safe food group was more than the safe food group .The odds ratio in the fourth quarter for simple carbohydrates among all participants, safe food group and unsafe food group were (OR=8.36, p<0.001), OR=8.33, p<0.001) and (OR=11.79, p=0.008) respectively. Conclusion: Current study showed that the highest intakes of complex carbohydrates inversely associated with coronary artery disease and the highest intakes of simple carbohydrates increases the risk that is higher in non-safe food group.