The Transition from Greek to medieval philosophy that speculated on religion, nature, metaphysics, human being and society was rather a rough transition in the history of English literature. Although the literature content of this age reflected more religious beliefs, the love and hate relationship of medieval philosophy that was mostly based on the Christianity with Greek civilization was exhibited clearly. The modern philosophical ideologies are the continuation of this period’s ideologies. Without a well understanding of the philosophical issues related to this age, it is not possible to understand the modern ones well. The catholic tradition as well as the religious reform against church called Protestantism was organized in this age. In Medieval Period, philosophy and theoretical thoughts related to the Christianity were well-organized and the philosophy, science and theoretical thoughts served religion. Philosophy had different forms and orientations in various stages of this period. One of these philosophical thoughts was the Augustinian philosophy which was strongly in favor of church with its different practices and styles. It used Platonic and Neo-Platonic traditions to prove that faith is the result of divine dispensations, not the result of human will power and wisdom. On the other hand, according to Aquinas, we experience different types of the effects that existed in the world around us. He believed that we assign an effective cause to each effect we experienced around us. Additionally, he claimed that reasoning was the only way to reach the real faith. In fact, philosophy of Medieval Period attempted to prove that religious assertions and ideologists were in search of matching their philosophical beliefs with the beliefs of Christianity. Christianity as the dominant factor in Middle English Literature helped English to be stablished as a literary language.

This study aims at finding the effect of video-based tasks in improving the listening comprehension ability of Iranian pre-intermediate EFL (English Foreign Language) learners. After determining the level of learners, an experimental and control group, each of 20 participants, were nominated to contribute to the study. From the time the pre-test was administered to each group, the experimental group was taught by a course of instruction based on video tasks for teaching listening comprehension. The control group was directed by a course of instruction only based on audio materials. Paired Samples T-test computation was utilized by SPSS software to calculate the level of significant difference in pre-and post-tests. Results show that teaching listening on the basis of video-based tasks has a significant effect on learners' listening comprehension in realizing and understanding the authentic language more effectively. 30Resumen El estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el efecto de usar actividades basadas en videos para mejorar la habilidad/destreza de comprensión auditiva de los estudiantes iraníes de inglés nivel intermedio. Después de determinar el nivel de inglés de los estudiantes, se crearon dos grupos, un grupo experimental y un grupo de control, cada uno conformado por 20 estudiantes, los cuales fueron seleccionados para contribuir al estudio. Desde el momento en que fue administrado el test diagnóstico a cada uno de los grupos; el grupo experimental recibió actividades basadas en videos para la enseñanza de la comprensión auditiva. El grupo de control recibió instrucción basada únicamente en materiales de audio. Para el cálculo de las muestras apareadas del test t se utilizó el programa de análisis estadístico (SPSS) versión 20, el cual permitió conocer el nivel de diferencias significativas en el test diagnóstico inicial y los posteriores. Los resultados revelan que la enseñanza de la destreza auditiva basada en actividades utilizando videos tiene un efecto significativo en la comprensión auditiva de los estudiantes para desarrollar y entender el idioma de una forma más auténtica y eficaz. Palabras clave: tareas, aprendizaje basado en tareas (TBLL), comprensión auditiva, motivación, actividades basadas en videosResumo O estudo tem como objetivo conhecer o efeito de usar atividades baseadas em vídeos para melhorar a habilidade/destreza de compreensão auditiva dos estudantes iranianos de inglês nível intermédio. Depois de determinar o nível de inglês dos estudantes, criaram-se dois grupos, um grupo experimental e um grupo de controle, cada um conformado por 20 estudantes, os quais foram selecionados para contribuir ao estudo. Desde o momento em que foi administrado o teste diagnóstico a cada um dos grupos; o grupo experimental recebeu atividades baseadas em vídeos para o ensino da compreensão auditiva. O grupo de controle recebeu instrução baseada unicamente em materiais de áudio. Para o cálculo das amostras em pares do teste t se utilizou o programa de análise estatístico (SPSS) versão 20, o qual p...

Allusions as a literary device are included in a text to express meanings that go beyond the mere words the author uses and depend to a large extent on familiarity to be comprehended. Thus, they carry meaning in the culture in which they arise while this meaning is missed in another culture. The translation of allusions, therefore, which includes two language cultures, requires enormous problem-solving skills and adoption of strategies allowing the translator to evoke more or less the same reaction as that of the source language audience (Leppihalme, 1997). This study explores the adoption of strategies by Pasargadi (1996) in translating allusions rooted in mythology and the Bible in three Shakespearean tragedies, i.e. Hamlet, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet based on the classification suggested by Ruokonen (2010). The analysis of the results revealed that the translator made more frequent use of modifying than retentive strategies, 52.69% and 47.31% respectively. Further investigation of the translation strategies employed by the translator sheds greater light on the reliability of the classification by Ruokonen (2010) and results in a better grasp of how to guarantee as close an effect on the target text audience as the one created on the source text audience.