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Esse estudo teve como objetivo descrever a biologia reprodutiva e os hábitos alimentares de Hemigrammus bleheri do médio Rio Negro, estado do Amazonas-Brasil, ao longo de um ciclo hidrológico. Para tanto, analisou-se os estádios de maturação gonadal, tamanho de primeira maturação sexual (L50), fecundidade e período reprodutivo de 260 indivíduos, além da análise do conteúdo estomacal e cálculo do índice de repleção estomacal de 177 indivíduos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a espécie possui desova parcelada, com oócitos variando entre 0,06 a 0,66 mm de diâmetro, e fecundidade entre 101-721 oócitos. O L50 foi estimado em 2,8 cm para fêmeas e 2,6 cm para machos. As fêmeas amadurecem com a subida do rio (Dezembro a Maio) e às desovas ocorrem em maior proporção no final da enchente (Março a Maio). A espécie é onívora, consumindo grande parte dos alimentos de origem autóctone. A dieta básica mostrou variações sazonais em sua composição, pois, observou-se que microcrustáceos são frequentes nos períodos de enchente/cheia, e algas filamentosas, quironomídeos e fragmentos vegetais são mais frequentes na vazante/seca. Alterações sazonais na atividade alimentar foram registradas provavelmente influenciadas pelo pulso de inundação. O grau de repleção estomacal foi maior na enchente/cheia e menores na vazante/seca. Palavras-Chave: rodóstomo; alimentação; reprodução; ambiente natural; rio Negro; Bacia Amazônica. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND FEEDING HABITS OF Hemigrammus bleheri (CHARACIFORMES: CHARACIDAE) AN ORNAMENTAL FISH THE MIDDLE NEGRO RIVER BASIN, AMAZONAS STATE, BRAZIL ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to describe the reproductive biology, diet and the feeding activity of Hemigrammus bleheri from middle Rio Negro, State of Amazonas-Brazil, along the a hydrological cycle. For this, the gonadal maturation stage, size of first sexual maturation (L50), fecundity and reproductive period of 260 individuals were analyzed, as well, the stomach contents of 177 individuals were analyzed and their stomach fullness index was calculated. The results indicate that this species has multiple spawning, with oocytes varying between 0.06 and 0.66 mm in diameter, and fecundity between 101-721 oocytes. The first sexual maturation size (L50) was estimated at 2.8 cm for females and 2.6 cm for males. Females mature with the flood pulse (December to May) and spawning occur in greater proportion at the end of the flood (March to May). The species is omnivorous, consuming a large part of the food of autochthonous origin. The basic diet showed seasonal variations in its composition, because it was observed that microcrustaceans have their increased importance in flooding/flood periods, and filamentous algae, chironomids and vegetal fragments are more frequent in the drying/dry season. In addition, seasonal changes in food activity were also recorded, probably influenced by the flood pulse, as the degree of stomach repletion was higher in flooding/flood and lower in drying/dry.

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The trafficking of ornamental fish is growing on a yearly basis in the Brazilian Amazon. This represents a serious threat to the biodiversity of the region. The objective of this research was to evaluate the trafficking of ornamental fish in the Brazilian Amazon using data from the seizures by the Federal Police and Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources - IBAMA. To assess and quantify this illegal trade, we gathered data relating to the period between January 2003 and January 2020. Information was obtained from IBAMA - Amazon - regional superintendence; National Amazon Research Institute - INPA regarding smuggled species that have been recovered and placed in its fish collection. The results show that in 98 seizures made by IBAMA, a total of 170,849 specimens of at least 73 species of 10 families, and 5 orders were recovered. Most of the illegally trafficked species are from the Loricariidae family (31 species, 8.47%). Hypancistrus zebra (Loricariidae), Potamotrygon jabuti, Potamotrygon leopoldi (Potamotrygonidae), Osteoglossum bicirrhosum and Osteoglossum ferreirai (Osteoglossidae) are the most targeted by the traffickers, due to their high value. At least 12 species are undescribed new species and were registered and placed in INPA’s fish collection. The fish followed different routes to reach the border that Brazil, Colombia, and Peru share. We conclude that in order to fight this illegal trade, tougher laws against smugglers, agreements with neighboring countries to combat trafficking, formal environmental education programs for riverine populations, and further scientific studies of smuggled species are necessary.