The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological mechanisms of persistent dyspnoea in COVID-19 survivors. Non-critical patients (n = 186) with varying degrees of COVID-19 severity reported persistent symptoms using a standardized questionnaire and underwent pulmonary function and 6-minute walk testing between 30 and 90 days following the onset of acute COVID-19 symptoms. Patients were divided into those with (n = 70) and without (n = 116) persistent dyspnoea. Patients with persistent dyspnoea had significantly lower FVC (p = 0.03), FEV 1 (p = 0.04), D LCO (p = 0.01), 6-minute walk distance (% predicted, p = 0.03), and end-exercise oxygen saturation (p < 0.001), and higher Borg 0-10 ratings of dyspnoea and fatigue (both p < 0.001) compared to patients without persistent dyspnoea. We have shown that dyspnoea is a common persistent symptom across varying degrees of initial COVID-19 severity. Patients with persistent dyspnoea had greater restriction on spirometry, lower D LCO , reduced functional capacity, and increased exertional desaturation and symptoms. This suggests that there is a true physiological mechanism that may explain persistent dyspnoea after COVID-19.

Background Currently, Mexico ranks third worldwide in mortality due to coronavirus disease pandemic 2019 (COVID-19) and reliable information is scarce, with the available data focused on epidemiological characteristics. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with mortality and outcomes in hospitalized Mexican patients with COVID-19. Methods We prospectively assessed patients admitted to a COVID-19 reference center in southeast Mexico between March 28 and June 30, 2020. Mortality was defined as survivors or non-survivors and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association of the clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters with mortality. Results We included 200 patients with a mean age of 55 years, 69% were men and 72% had at least one chronic comorbidity. Eighty-six patients required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) with an overall mortality rate of 82.5%. Only 51% of the patients with IMV were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), with a survival rate of 27.3%, but only 7.2% for patients without ICU admissions (p=0.014). The multivariate analysis found that a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥9 (odds ratio [OR], 4.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.05–10.53) albumin <3.5 g/dL (OR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.56–9.07), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level ≥725 U/L (OR, 5.45; 95% CI, 2.36–12.57), and IMV (OR, 64.7; 95% CI, 15.20–275.39) were independent risk factors associated with mortality. Conclusion Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, LDH, albumin, and IMV were independent risk factors for mortality in Mexican patients with COVID-19. Also, the availability of ICU resources is invaluable for better outcomes in critically ill patients. Our results could provide clinical information for timely decision-making in low-and-middle income countries to overcome the pandemic.

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La sospecha de hemotórax inicia con una historia clínica adecuada, particularmente, el padecimiento actual, por ejemplo, casos con trauma torácico. El paso inicial de la evaluación, es diferenciar los derrames pleurales hemorrágicos de los verdaderos hemotórax. Confirmar el diagnóstico de manera temprana es fundamental, dado que, conforme progresan las fases de organización del coágulo, se van desarrollando adherencas entre la superficie del parénquima pulmonar y la pleura parietal, aspecto que dificulta evacuarlo mediante drenaje pleural convencional. La radiografía de tórax continúa siendo el estudio complementario inicial, sin embargo, es importante realizar estudios adicionales que permitan orientar la decisión terapéutica; la elección del análisis paraclínico puede justificarse con base en la experiencia y disponibilidad de recursos en el centro de atención. La instalación del tratamiento primario es crucial e inicia con el drenaje de la cavidad torácica vía sonda pleural en la mayoria de los casos; el uso de fibrinoliticos se considera de segunda línea y particularmente en hemotórax coagulado o casos que tienen riesgos significativos de complicaciones al someterse a un procedimiento quirúrgico mayor (Por ejemplo. decorticación). Las complicaciones se pueden disminuir al sistematizar el enfoque diagnóstico-terapéutico.Palabras clave: hemotórax, hemotórax coagulado, toracoscopía video-asistida, tratamiento, sonda pleural, trauma de tórax.

BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome caused by a coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 disease pandemic that began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Since then, nearly seven million deaths have occurred worldwide due to COVID-19. Mexicans are especially vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic as Mexico has nearly the worst observed case-fatality ratio (4.5%). As Mexican Latinos represent a vulnerable population, this study aimed to determine significant predictors of mortality in Mexicans with COVID-19 who were admitted to a large acute care hospital.MethodsIn this observational, cross-sectional study, 247 adult patients were consecutively admitted to a third-level referral center in Yucatan, Mexico, from March 1st, 2020, to August 31st, 2020, with COVID-19-related symptoms, participated in this study. Lasso logistic and binary logistic regression were used to identify clinical predictors of death.ResultsAfter a hospital stay of about eight days, 146 (60%) patients were discharged; however, 40% died by the twelfth day (on average) after hospital admission. Out of 22 possible predictors, five crucial predictors of death were found, ranked by the most to least important: (1) needing to be placed on a mechanical ventilator, (2) reduced platelet concentration at admission, (3) increased derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, (4) increased age, and (5) reduced pulse oximetry saturation at admission. The model revealed that these five variables shared ~83% variance in outcome.ConclusionOf the 247 Mexican Latinos patients admitted with COVID-19, 40% died 12  days after admission. The patients’ need for mechanical ventilation (due to severe illness) was the most important predictor of mortality, as it increased the odds of death by nearly 200-fold.