Pedophilia, derived from Greek words philia of pedeiktos meaning erotic love of children (Seto, 2002) includes using children as a sexual excitement object to reach gratification. In most cultures children are not deemed as mature enough to make decisions about sexual intercourse. In this regard, child sexual abuse is not only intolerable, but is also sanctioned in many societies. Pedophilia is considered a controversial and unpleasant subject for many clinicians; therefore, most of them avoid conducting research on this topic. In the literature, there is no absolute and consistent classification and also diagnostic criteria of pedophile has changed over time. Although different theories such as psychoanalytic, attachment and Ferenczi's trauma theory propose some explanations regarding the reasons for pedophilia, there is no satisfactory elucidation about this topic. Pedophilia is a multidisciplinary concern and requires a bio-psycho-socio-legal plan for intervention, it is crucial to conduct research by collaboration of various disciplines and understand this subject is important and necessary to address this issue. This current study is an attempt to understand pedophilia by looking from different perspectives.

Siber zorbalık günümüzde özellikle ergen yaş gruplarında dikkat çeken bir olgudur. Bu nedenle son yıllarda literatürde siber zorbalığı ele alan çalışmalar sıklıkla karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ülkemizde de bu konu başat bir çalışma alanı haline gelmekle birlikte siber zorbalığa duyarlılığı büyük bir çalışma grubu ile inceleyen çok az araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, siber zorbalık duyarlılık düzeyinin ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerindeki durumunu bazı demografik değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Araştırma İstanbul Kadıköy'deki ortaokul ve liselerde yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya 1752 öğrenci katılmıştır. Çalışmada demografik bilgiler için oluşturulan Kişisel Bilgi Formu ile birlikte Siber Zorbalığa Duyarlılık Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada öğrencilerin demografik bilgilerinin, aile yapısının ve teknoloji kullanımının, siber zorbalığa duyarlılık ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda siber zorbalığa duyarlılığın cinsiyete, ebeveyn eğitim düzeyine, internet denetiminin varlığına, internete giriş amacına, günlük internet kullanım süresine ve öğrencilerin kişisel cep telefonuna sahip oluşuna göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışma kızların erkeklere göre siber zorbalığa duyarlılıklarının daha yüksek olduğunu; 6. sınıf öğrencilerinin 11. sınıf öğrencilerine göre daha yüksek duyarlılığa sahip olduğunu; internete giriş denetimin olması halinde duyarlılığın arttığını; internette geçirilen sürenin az olduğu durumlarda duyarlılığın yüksek olduğunu; kişisel cep telefonuna sahip olan öğrencilerin siber zorbalığa daha duyarlı olduklarını göstermiştir. Araştırma çocuk ve ergenlerin siber zorbalığa duyarlılık düzeyini görebilmek ve siber zorbalık ile ilişkilendirilen diğer etmenleri anlamak, çevrimiçi dünyadaki siber zorbalık davranışlarını tanıma ve önleme çalışmaları açısından önem taşımaktadır.

The major purpose of this paper is to illustrate the theory, practice, and outcome of Bowen's Family Systems Theory. Murray Bowen is a founder of the family systems theory and one of the pioneers in family therapy. Bowen defined the term "differentiation of self" as a capacity to gain a balance between emotional and intellectual functioning without fusion. Bowen established this term in light of the family system theory and he believed selfdifferentiation is closely related to an individual's family life. Family system theory explains the causes of being undifferentiated in the concept of family relations, and it names some of the characteristics of the family that led to undifferentiation such as triangulation, marital conflict, sibling position, emotional cut off etc. Family systems theory demonstrates that differentiation of self is crucial to longterm intimate relationships. With this term, Bowen addressed emotional maturity and maintaining independent thinking during emotional relationships. A person's level of differentiation of self illustrates his capacity to distinguish feelings and thoughts under stressful situations. Bowen Theory has greatly influenced the world of family therapy and also studies demonstrated its effectiveness on individual therapy work. This article involves emphasizing the formulation of Bowen theory and application to a case example of an individual who struggles with differentiation. First, this paper will review the development of Bowen's theory, then, it will illustrate Bowen's eight interlocking terms. Finally, this paper will present a clinical example, applying family systems therapy to an individual who struggles with differentiation and discusses the outcomes.

Although there are several genetic, social, cultural, and evolutionary explanations for violence, this article will only be based on a psychological aspect with a special focus on trauma theory. Traumatic events in childhood including witnessing family violence and experiencing abuse, neglect, loss and abandonment can cause long term emotional pain and distress. Particularly, trauma becomes more severe when children are victims of family violence and parents who are supposed to love, protect, and reassure children become violent and threatening. Traumatic events leave children with overwhelming feelings of fear, anger, and vulnerability. Many authors emphasized the link between childhood traumatic experiences and aggressive behaviors, and they consider trauma and violence inseparable. However, there is little research focusing on the developmental aspects of this relation. Bowlby's attachment theory suggests that traumatic experiences interrupt a child's secure attachment and they generate attachment injuries that interfere with obtaining healthy relationships. Ferenczi's identification with the aggressor theory claims that traumatic experience teaches children both roles: victim role and the abuser role. Trauma in children and youth, differently than trauma in adults, affects underdeveloped personalities and it has a significant role in building the immature personality of children. This article focuses on explaining how childhood traumatic experiences turn into violence in light of Bowlby and Ferenczi's theories.

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