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Over the last few years, the evolution of network and user handsets' technologies, have challenged the telecom industry and the Internet ecosystem. Especially, the unprecedented progress of multimedia streaming services like YouTube, Vimeo and DailyMotion resulted in an impressive demand growth and a significant need of Quality of Service (QoS) (e.g., high data rate, low latency/jitter, etc.). Mainly, numerous difficulties are to be considered while delivering a specific service, such as a strict QoS, human-centric features, massive number of devices, heterogeneous devices and networks, and uncontrollable environments. Thenceforth, the concept of Quality of Experience (QoE) is gaining visibility, and tremendous research efforts have been spent on improving and/or delivering reliable and addedvalue services, at a high user experience. In this paper, we present the importance of QoE in wireless and mobile networks (4G, 5G, and beyond), by providing standard definitions and the most important measurement methods developed. Moreover, we exhibit notable enhancements and controlling approaches proposed by researchers to meet the user expectation in terms of service experience.

Demographic growth in urban areas means that modern cities face challenges in ensuring a steady supply of water and electricity, smart transport, livable space, better health services, and citizens’ safety. Advances in sensing, communication, and digital technologies promise to mitigate these challenges. Hence, many smart cities have taken a new step in moving away from internal information technology (IT) infrastructure to utility-supplied IT delivered over The Internet. The benefit of this move is to manage The vast amounts of data generated by The various city systems, including water and electricity systems, The waste management system, transportation system, public space management systems, health and education systems, and many more. Furthermore, many smart city applications are time-sensitive and need to quickly analyze data to react promptly to The various events occurring in a city. The new and emerging paradigms of edge and fog computing promise to address big data storage and analysis in The field of smart cities. Here, we review existing service delivery models in smart cities and present our perspective on adopting these two emerging paradigms. We specifically describe The design of a fog-based data pipeline to address The issues of latency and network bandwidth required by time-sensitive smart city applications.