This paper focuses on the manufacture of architectural free-form GRC panels with 3D printed internal grid. Since double-curvature formworks and molds could account for up to 40 to 80% of the production cost of the pieces, especially in small series product, avoiding these casting requirements is a highly attractive prospect economically. In this paper a feasible, moldless, 3D printing method combined with a Glass Reinforced Concrete alternative is considered as a solution to this drawback. Furthermore, it explores current methods involved in free-form GRC panel production, as well as the approach to additive manufacturing as an alternative for eluding formworks. Thus, GRC and 3D printing processes are described in detail and then evaluated as complementary techniques in this hybrid technology.Key words: Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, 3D printing, free-form architecture, no mold process, doubly-curved panel. ResumenEste artículo se centra principalmente en la fabricación de paneles arquitectónicos de forma libre de GRC, con una malla interna impresa en 3D. Debido a que los moldes y los encofrados de doble curvatura representan entre el 40 al 80% del precio de producción de los paneles, la opción de evitar el uso del molde, especialmente en pequeñas series, es una idea muy atractiva económicamente. Por lo tanto, para resolver dicho inconveniente, se presenta un método fiable, sin necesidad de molde, con impresión 3D, y combinando con hormigón reforzado con fibra de vidrio. Además, se exploran los métodos actuales que están involucrados en la producción de paneles de GRC, así como también la aproximación de la manufactura aditiva, como una alternativa para evitar los encofrados. Los procesos de GRC y de impresión 3D son descritos en detalle, y posteriormente evaluados como técnicas complementarias en esta tecnología híbrida.
3.4.1 Propuesta del sistema alternativo. 4. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. 4.1 Condiciones previas. 4.2 Metodología de Investigación Documental. 4.3 Metodología de Investigación Experimental. 4.3.1 Procedimiento de actuación. 4.3.2 Herramientas informáticas utilizadas para la generación de las pruebas experimentales. 4.3.3 Materiales utilizados en la fabricación de las pruebas experimentales. 4.3.4 Tecnología aplicada para la fabricación de las pruebas experimentales. 4.3.5 Pruebas experimentales de fabricación del nuevo sistema. 4.3.6 Prueba experimental de panel a flexión
ABSTRACT3D Modular construction is poorly known and scarcely published in technical literature. In spite of that there are an increasing number of manufacturers offering their products in different countries. This method has largely evolved from early examples such as the American Gold Rush prefabrication in the nineteenth century, the Sears precut homes or Voisin´s prototypes for modular homes, to the end of the first half of the twentieth century. In this period a non negligible number of attempts in 3D modular construction have been carried out, ranging from theoretical proposals to several hundred or thousand units produced. Selected examples of modular architecture will be analyses in order to illustrate its technical evolution, concerning materials, structure, transportation and on site assembly. Success and failure factors of the different systems will be discussed. Conclusions about building criteria shown in them and their applicability in current architecture will be drawn.
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