No abstract

This research work has been focused on China and India. Both Countries has a big number in population in the world and the rate of economic growth has been increasing every year. However, this is still accompanied by air pollution (CO2 emissions). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the relationship of population and GDP to CO2 emissions in China and India in the 1984-2014 timeframe and provide policy recommendations related to the problem being analyzed. Estimates use VECM to analyze the data collected. The results of the study show that in China and India, GDP and population in the short and long term have a positive effect on CO2 emissions and provide policy recommendations on willingness to pay for industry and willingness to accept for the community. The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis was not confirmed in the case of China and India.

This research aims to analyze factors determining the competitiveness of rural tourism and assess its performance compared to the poverty level in each province in Indonesia. We employ four main pillars: enabling environment; travel and tourism policy and enabling conditions; infrastructure; and natural & cultural resources adopted from the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum 2019. We conducted fieldwork in four provinces, namely Aceh, Bali, Central Java, and North Sulawesi, by spreading  questionnaires and giving semi-structured interviews to obtain respondents’ insights. The poverty gap index measures the intensity level of poverty by employing an expenditure-based poverty line. This study discovers that infrastructure, natural & cultural resources, and enabling environment support rural tourism development in each province. We also find that the excellent performance of rural tourism competitiveness seems to have minimal impact on poverty. Bali has become the major icon of tourism in Indonesia; ironically, its poverty level is relatively higher than in other areas. Meanwhile, Central Java ranks as the second most competitive province after Bali, while the poverty level is the lowest. Our study offers community-based tourism (CBT) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) to resolve the situation.

Sustainability certification are increasingly demanded in the global coffee trade, but its economic and poverty alleviation effects for smallholder farmers are still poorly understood. We study these effects using cross-sectional household data obtained from a survey of 320 farm households from four districts in the coffee-producing provinces of Lampung and Aceh in Indonesia. We combine a monetary expenditure approach with a non-monetary approach. Both approaches reveal information on the number of respondents that can be considered poor, as well as on the intensity of poverty experienced by them. In terms of non-monetary approach, we refer to multidimensional poverty index (MPI) that identifies deprivations in education, health and standards of living. In terms of monetary approach, we examine poverty gap index that measure coffee farmers’ expenditure lies below the poverty line. We compare between certified and conventional (non-certified) coffee farmers. The results show that economic benefits contributing to poverty alleviation can be gained from coffee certification. The differences in the value of poverty measurements between certified and conventional farmers are small but statistically significant. Certified farmers are found to be less frequently poor compared to conventional farmers. There is no significant difference on the intensity of poverty for both groups of smallholder farmers. Given these results, certification is not a highly recommended strategy for poverty alleviation among smallholder coffee farmers in Indonesia.