Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in the new-born baby is a rare though well-acknowledged clinical condition. We present two cases of complete utero-vaginal prolapse in new-born babies. Both infants were otherwise healthy and neurologically normal in their clinical presentation and evaluation. The prolapse was successfully managed with a non-surgical approach. There appears to be two distinct forms of POP in newborns based on the available literature. There are those that occur in newborns with spina bifida (77 % of cases) and those that occur in neurologically intact newborns (23 %). The management of these two types are distinctly different and are discussed in greater detail in this report.

The Afrikaans and Sesotho versions of the PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 are reliable and valid instruments that can be used in women with pelvic floor disorders speaking these languages.

The use of a vasoconstrictor (ornipressin) resulted in a statistically significant decrease in operative blood loss during vaginal prolapse surgery. This occurred without any significant changes in measured cardiovascular parameters.

Significant hormonal changes occur at the time of menopause and this has an impact on all oestrogen-sensitive tissue.The female lower urinary tract (LUT) is no exception. Decreasing levels of oestrogen characteristic of the menopause produce symptomatic, histological and functional changes of the vulva, vagina and lower urinary tract together. Examples of specific urogenital problems include urgency, urinary incontinence and susceptibility to urinary tract infection. Oestrogen therapy works by preventing or reversing urogenital atrophy and provides symptomatic improvement although it may need to be combined with other treatments for certain conditions such as incontinence. Oestrogen therapy requires time to become effective with vaginal preparations probably superior to systemic therapy. Prophylactic oestrogen therapy has not been shown to be clearly of benefit for specific types of urinary incontinence.Peer reviewed.

Recurrent urinary tract infections occur in approximately 5% of adult women. It has a significant impact on the affected women's quality of life and on health care costs. It is important to be aware of the physiologically protective factors preventing urinary tract infections. The clinician should also be able to identify relevant risk factors for recurrent infection. Clinical evaluation is relatively straightforward in cases without underlying complicating factors, but urine culture ought to be readily utilised. Treatment should be according to local antibiogram patterns and prophylactic and postcoital preventative strategies can be used according to current evidence. Certain subpopulations such as HIV positive patients require a different approach compared to the general population.Peer reviewed. (