a b s t r a c tObjective: To determine possible changes in serum concentrations of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines of eutrophic rats subjected to aerobic or resistance physical training. Methods: This study examined serum concentrations of TNF-␣, IFN-␥, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1-␤ in rats that performed aerobic or resistance training for 16 weeks. Thirty-five Wistar rats (male adult) were divided into three groups: Control Group (CG), Aerobic Group (AG) and Resistance Group (RG). Rats were sacrificed 48 h after the final training session. Serum concentrations of cytokines were analysed by ELISA. Results: TNF-␣ levels were higher in the RG, followed by the AG and CG groups (p < 0.001). IFN-␥ and IL-10 levels were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.097 and p = 0.17, respectively). The levels of IL6 and IL1-␤ were higher in AG compared to RG and CG (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.003, respectively). In general, our results indicate a higher pro-inflammatory profile in AG and probably RG animals. Conclusion: Further studies are required in order to better clarify the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, future studies should address the metabolic and molecular pathways involved in these responses.

A high-protein diet promoted negative metabolic and morphological changes, while RT was effective in reversing these deleterious effects.

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In the present study, we associated a high-fat diet (HF group: 45% kcal from lipids) or very high-fat (VHF group: 60% kcal from lipids) diet with a fructose drink (10% fructose) for hydration. Normal rat chow that received the control diet (content 16.3% kcal from lipid-AIN93G) and water. The treatments were introduced soon after weaning and were administered for 70 days. We aimed to compare HF and VHF groups and find which acts as a better model mimicking human obesity. Body mass gain, final body weight, adipocyte area in inguinal depots, visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots, serum triacylglycerol, and VLDL-c were all higher in the HF group, followed by the VHF group, compared to the C group. Only the HF group showed hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia and higher total caloric intake, Lee index, HOMA2-IR, and total cholesterol. Serum TNFα and IL-6 levels were lower in the HF and VHF groups than in the C group at the end for 70 days. In Summary, the HF (45%) diet administered with fructose induced a higher similarity of metabolic and hormonal alterations associated with human obesity. Practical applicationsHigh intake of lipids with sugary drinks has been associated with obesity and its comorbidities. Although a diet with 45% or 60% of lipids is considered hyperlipidic, they are different in their effects on eating behavior and also probably from a metabolic point of view. Common sense is that the reduction in intake of lipids is favorable to health. Our study shows that this is not wholly true, and this information contributes to the guidelines for the treatment of obesity. In addition, the scientific literature on the subject has shown the most diverse results and also the use of experimental models with few similarities with human obesity. Our findings can contribute as a good model of obesity initiated during childhood to investigate possible using nutritional strategies, or the adoption of ergogenic nutritional resources in future studies, for example. K E Y W O R D S fructose, hypercaloric/hyperlipidic diet, insulin, leptin, obesity How to cite this article: Lima TDR, Voltarelli FA, Freire LS, et al. High-fat diet and fructose drink introduced after weaning rats, induces a better human obesity model than very high-fat diet.

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