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data, physical risk factors, job strain, work-related musculoskeletal symptoms, health and safety education, and health behaviors related to musculoskeletal problems. Data were analyzed using STATA 12.0 program. Results: 1) General characteristics of subjects were as follows; all 96 subjects were female and their mean age was 33.8 AE 5.5 years. Subjects' average height was 161.4 AE 4.5 cm, average weight was 52.6 AE 4.3 kg, and average work experience in echocardiography lab was 84.1 AE 5.8 months. 2) According to the ergonomic work posture analysis, REBA score was 9.7 AE 2.9 (in 15 point scale) which is high-risk level and required immediate management. 3) Prevalence rate of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms was 84% among participants. The percentage by body part was 76% in shoulders, 58% in hands/wrists/ fingers, 48% in necks, 47% in backs, 30% in arms, and 23% in legs and feet. 4) Based on multiple logistic regression analysis, significant factors affecting the symptoms were job strain (REBA score, ß ¼ 0.066, p ¼ 0.017), frequency of health and safety education (ß ¼ À0.1086, p ¼ 0.032), and hobby (ß ¼ 0.3526, p ¼ 0.021). Conclusion: Cardiac sonographers are vulnerable to musculoskeletal symptoms due to their job strain. To relieve these symptoms, they need an education program to prevent musculoskeletal health problems and an exercise program containing various stretching methods.

The shortage of dental hygienists has been a long-standing problem in Korea. Small-scaled dental clinics suffer from a lack of dental hygienists, who seem to prefer working at large-scaled dental clinics. The purpose of this study was to confirm the differences in the working conditions according to the scales of dental clinics. We collected the working information registered via job advertisements through the web-sites of Korean Dental Hygienists Association, Dental Jobs, and Nurse Jobs from July to August 2016. The results were as follows: 96.7% of the advertisements wanted regular workers, while the proportion of part-time workers was the highest (34.8%) in the group with less than 3 employees. The average workdays per week was 5.32±0.55 days, and the group with less than 3 employees had significantly longer workdays than the other groups. The daily working time was 8.99±0.44 hours, and there was no difference among the groups. Night overtime hours were needed by 54.4%, 45.0%, and 31.3% of the groups with of the groups with 4∼7 employees, more than 8 employees, and less than 3 employees, respectively. Information regarding annual leave (60.5%), monthly leave (63.9%), half a day off (32.4%) and vacations (43.1%) were presented in the job advertisements, and these proportions were significantly higher by the group with more than 8 employees. Information on overtime pay (14.4%), night-work pay (13.4%), incentives (34.1%), lunches (60.2%), vacation bonuses (33.8%), and self-development (20.4%) were presented in job advertisements. The group with 4∼7 employees had significantly higher proportions in severance pay, vacation bonuses, self-development, and major national insurance. It is necessary to consider the improvement of working conditions, diversity of working styles, and welfare of dental hygienists, and it is suggested that small dental clinics provide more precise working conditions.

This study examined the effects of coordinative locomotor training on the spine appearance and quality of life of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: This study included two patients with idiopathic scoliosis: one with a thoracic and lumbar type scoliosis and the other with thoracic type scoliosis. The study design was a single case study (A-B-A'), with a baselineintervention/phase-post-intervention. The baseline (A) was designed and measured five times, intervention phase (B) ten times, and post-intervention (A') five times. The coordinative locomotor training program was divided into 10 minutes of warm-up exercise, 30 minutes of the main exercise, and 10 minutes of the finishing exercise, for 50 minutes each time. The primary outcome measurements were measured using †Corresponding Author : Jin-Cheol Kim