Title. Translation of scales in cross-cultural research: issues and techniques Aims. This paper is a report of a study designed to: (i) describe issues and techniques of translation of standard measures for use in international research; (ii) identify a user-friendly and valid translation method when researchers have limited resources during translation procedure; and (iii) discuss translation issues using data from a pilot study as an example. Background. The process of translation is an important part of cross-cultural studies. Cross-cultural researchers are often confronted by the need to translate scales from one language to another and to do this with limited resources. Method. The lessons learned from our experience in a pilot study are presented to underline the importance of using appropriate translation procedures. The issues of the back-translation method are discussed to identify strategies to ensure success when translating measures. Findings. A combined technique is an appropriate method to maintain the content equivalences between the original and translated instruments in international research. There are several possible combinations of translation techniques. However, there is no gold standard of translation techniques because the research environment (e.g. accessibility and availability of bilingual people) and the research questions are different. Conclusions. It is important to use appropriate translation procedures and to employ a combined translation technique based on the research environment and questions.

Objectives Relationships between health literacy, self-efficacy, food label use, and dietary quality in young adults aged 18-29 were examined. Methods Health literacy, self-efficacy, food label use, and dietary quality were assessed. Participants were categorized into low, medium and high health literacy groups based on Newest Vital Sign score. Results Self-efficacy and health literacy were predictors of food label use, which positively predicted dietary quality. The low health literacy group had significantly lower use of food labels than the high health literacy group. However, there was no significant difference between medium and high health literacy groups. Conclusion Strategies to enhance health literacy, self efficacy and food label use should be developed to improve dietary quality and health outcomes.

SummaryWhat is already known about the topic?• Highly active antiretroviral therapy has dramatically decreased morbidity and mortality and improved the quality of life in persons with HIV • Medication-taking self-efficacy beliefs may predict medication adherence in persons with HIV.• Depressive symptoms and perceived social support consistently influence medicationtaking self-efficacy beliefs What this paper adds.• Depressive symptoms mediated the prediction of medication-taking self-efficacy by perceived social support.• Medication adherence self-efficacy mediated the prediction of self-reported medication adherence by perceived social support and depressive symptoms as self-efficacy theory suggests.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to EunSeok Cha, #506 Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, ChungAng University 221 Heukseok dong Dongjakgu, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea. Phone: 82-2-820-5769, euc6@cau.ac.kr. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. • This study provides researchers with increased understanding of the mediating role of medication-taking self-efficacy beliefs between selected psychological variables and selfreported medication adherence in persons with HIV. NIH Public AccessBackground-To date, only a few studies have examined the mediating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between depressive symptoms or perceived social support and medication adherence in persons with HIV.Objectives-The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of perceived social support, depressive symptoms and medication-taking self-efficacy on self-reported medication adherence in persons with HIV. A proposed comprehensive model included three mediation hypotheses in order to examine the mediating roles of medication-taking self-efficacy and depressive symptoms Method-Baseline data from "Adherence to Protease Inhibitors" were used. The 215 persons with HIV aged 19-61 (mean= 40.7, SD= 7.58) were recruited from multiple sites in Pittsburgh, PA (USA) and through self-referral. The participants were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, the Medication Taking Self-Efficacy Scale, and the modified Morisky Self-report Medication Taking Scale. Structural equation modeling (EQS version 6.1) was used. The Satorra-Bentler Scaled χ 2 test statistics (S-B χ 2 ), comparative fit index (CFI), and the Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual (SRMR) were used to assess the fit of a comprehensive model including three mediation hypotheses.Results-A comprehensive model with the three hypotheses showed a good mode...

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore potential factors affecting self-management behaviors in Korean immigrants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (KIT2Ds). Methods A qualitative descriptive design guided this study. Semi-structured interviews lasting 45-60 minutes were conducted with 20 KIT2Ds in the participant’s preferred language; in all cases this was Korean. Each interview was audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed using conventional content analysis. Data analysis was performed in two steps. The data written in Korean were initially analyzed by three bilingual researchers. A qualitative researcher then participated in the analysis to refine the findings for presentation to an English speaking audience while staying true to the data and preserving the nuanced Korean meanings. Results The mean age of the sample was 64. 5 ± 11.6 years (9 men and 11 women). The mean years of staying in the U. S. and age at diabetes mellitus diagnosis were 23.6 ± 9.7 years and 52.5 ± 12.3 years, respectively. Three major ideas were identified: (a) issues on treatment regimen related to both medications and diet, (b) resources that helped or hindered their ability to manage diabetes, and (c) the physician/patient relationship. Conclusions There were important cultural nuances that need to be addressed to better prepare KIT2Ds to manage their diabetes more effectively. A culture specific program should extend beyond a diabetes self-management education delivered in Korean language. Rather, content and education methods need to consider acculturation effects on diabetes management behaviors.