This study presents the results of the economic modeling of commodity export flows from the Russian Federation in 2012–2016.Aim. The study aims to assess the direct and indirect effects of the US and European sanctions on export flows from Russia.Tasks. The authors collect the necessary data and carry out modeling using modern analysis methods to obtain a complete picture of the effects of sanctions on Russia, including a quantitative assessment of these effects.Methods. The modeling is based on network analysis, which was selected after consulting a wide range of scientific works and examining possible alternative methodological approaches to the problem under consideration.Results. The authors successfully complete network modeling for the major export commodity groups of the Russian Federation: aluminum, gas, and oil (including crude oil); formulate and test the hypothesis of Russia’s changing role in international trade as a result of sanctions; summarize the results of the model calculations of the aggregate effects of sanctions pressure on the export of the major commodity groups from Russia.Conclusion. In general, sanctions pressure has an obvious negative impact on the Russian economy, but the timeframe and scope of this impact are not up to the original estimates of the US and the European countries that introduced these sanctions.

The work is devoted to testing the hypothesis of the existence of an inverted U-shaped dependence of economic growth on the level of environmental pollution, which was based on the concept of the ecological curve of Kuznets. The authors, using econometric methods and data from the World Bank, show that the hypothesis is correct: there is a turning point between the positive and negative nature of the dependence of economic growth on the level of CO2 emissions. The hypothesis is confirmed for low- and middle-income countries, and the dependence is linear negative for countries with a high level of income. Based on the results, the authors formulate recommendations on environmental regulation in accordance with the level of the country's economic development.

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