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Introduction. The Mongol conquest of the Eastern European steppes implies the presence of the conquerors themselves in the occupied territories which should be reflected in the archaeological monuments. The Ishkulovsky II burial mound is one of these monuments consisting of stone kurgans with a diameter of 3–5 m and a height of 0.15–0.2 m left by the nomads of the Golden Horde time from the territory of the Ulus of Jochi. The purpose of the article is to publish the materials of the necropolis and the authors’ attempt to identify the burials of the Mongols themselves for whom one of the main signs of funeral rites, among others, was the northern body orientation of the buried individuals. In the context of the article, the fact of Islamization of the Mongols under the influence of the Kipchaks is of considerable importance, which was reflected in the material of Kurgan 5, as well as in the burial mounds 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 where funeral things were not found. These burials can be considered Muslim with high certainty, if body orientation of the buried individuals is a western or north-western. Methods. The article uses the method of analogies and cross-dating to study the funeral rite and the material culture. The source of the study is 13 burials studied during the excavations of the 12 stone burial mounds of the Ishkulovsky II burial mound. Discussion and results. According to the funeral rite and clothing inventory, the burial mound was left by a mixed population of nomads, some of whom are associated with the Kipchaks, the other finds analogies among the burials of the Mongols. Thus, the dating of the necropolis fits into a narrow chronological period from the end of the 13th to the 14th century. A kind of confessional dualism can be observed in the rite in which both paganism and Islam were equally “legitimate” even within separate tribal divisions.

The article presents the typological characteristics of the nomadic burials of the Golden Horde, interpreted as Muslim. The burial grounds located in the depths of the Steppe at a distance from the urban centers of the Golden Horde were taken as a source base. This approach allows the authors to consider the genesis and evolution of the Islamic funeral rite among nomads without taking into account the influence of urban Islam on this process or through the prism of its minimal impact. On the example of the Linevsky burial mound in the Southern Cis-Urals, it is shown that the signs of the Islamic rite, characteristic of urban and suburban burial grounds, are present among the nomads, but mainly in the form of separate reminiscences.

Purpose. The Chiyalik archaeological culture was isolated at the end of 1970. Cultural monuments are located on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the eastern part of the Republic of Tatarstan, the southeastern part of Udmurtia, in the south of the Perm Region, the north of the Chelyabinsk region, the southern part of the Sverdlovsk region and the western part of the Kurgan region.Results. The article presents the results of the work carried out on the Dema River in 2021 by the integrated Golden Horde archaeological expedition. As a result of the conducted surveys, the archaeological settlement of Yabalakly-1 was revealed. It has been established that the monument is single-layer, its cultural layers contain a large number of horse, cow, sheep and dog bones, fragments of cast-iron cauldrons, as well as fragments of pottery and glazed Kashin ceramics.Conclusion. The absence of pig bones is important, since it indicates the practice of Islam. Hunting and fishing played a secondary role in providing the archaeological settlements inhabitants with meat. The obtained archaeological material (fragments of large earthenware pot, glazed Kashin ceramics, stirrup, and parts of cast-iron cauldrons) allows us to date the monument within the 14th century. Similar villages are located within the Southern Urals in the valleys of the Dema, Chermasan, Karmasan rivers, etc.

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