Bullying has been described as one of the most tractable risk factors for poor mental health and educational outcomes, yet there is a lack of evidence-based interventions for use in low and middle-income settings. We aimed to develop and assess the feasibility of an adolescent-led school intervention for reducing bullying among adolescents in Indonesian secondary schools. The intervention was developed in iterative stages: identifying promising interventions for the local context; formative participatory action research to contextualize proposed content and delivery; and finally two pilot studies to assess feasibility and acceptability in South Sulawesi and Central Java. The resulting intervention combines two key elements: 1) a student-driven design to influence students pro-social norms and behavior, and 2) a teacher-training component designed to enhance teacher’s knowledge and self-efficacy for using positive discipline practices. In the first pilot study, we collected data from 2,075 students in a waitlist-controlled trial in four schools in South Sulawesi. The pilot study demonstrated good feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. We found reductions in bullying victimization and perpetration when using the Forms of Bullying Scale. In the second pilot study, we conducted a randomised waitlist controlled trial in eight schools in Central Java, involving a total of 5,517 students. The feasibility and acceptability were good. The quantitative findings were more mixed, with bullying perpetration and victimization increasing in both control and intervention schools. We have designed an intervention that is acceptable to various stakeholders, feasible to deliver, is designed to be scalable, and has a clear theory of change in which targeting adolescent social norms drives behavioral change. We observed mixed findings across different sites, indicating that further adaptation to context may be needed. A full-randomized controlled trial is required to examine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the program.

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Primary school children are included in the vulnerable group because they are still in a growth and development phase. In Indonesia, many accidents involve children due to their lack of knowledge, excessive energy, and high curiosity. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the application of safety values in formal education material, in order to evaluate how adequate the current teaching materials in encouraging children to practice safety culture. Petompon 2, one of the primary school used in this study, showed that 60% subjects in grade 1 contain application of safety values, and subjects from grade 2 to 6 showed that 14.3%, 90%, 100%, 87.5%, and 50% subjects, consecutively, already contain safety education. The solutions offered are improving teacher's capacity in learning process and integrating the safety values into education subjects, such as: in sport education, natural science, social science, citizenship education, Islamic religion, mathematics, and Indonesian language. Other methods available are integrating safety values into extracurricular activities and introducing educative game on safety values to primary school students.

In the last 10 years, disasters have caused huge casualties that affected the welfare and safety of people and countries. More than 700 thousand people have lost their lives, more than 1.4 million injured and around 23 million have lost homes due to disaster. The impact of disasters on children is far greater than on adults. For this reason, the development of effective instruments is important to increase public awareness and education, especially user-friendly instruments that can be used to assess children's safety education. Instruments will increase an understanding on disaster risk and encourage all stakeholders to be actively involved in reducing multi-hazard risk, especially starts from the school. The method used in this research was a systematic review. The articles were obtained by searching through electronic databases available at EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, SAGE Journal, ProQuest and Emerald Insight, which were published in English, between January 2009 and January 2019. Only two of 114 articles met the inclusion criteria; by the research reviewed, there was no very specific research that used m-health to assess child safety education especially at school. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to develop further research related this issue.