Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ involved in storage and release of energy but also in regulation of energy metabolism in other organs via secretion of peptide and protein hormones (adipokines). Especially visceral adipose tissue has been implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Factors secreted by the stromal-vascular fraction contribute to the secretome and modulate adipokine secretion by adipocytes. Therefore, we aimed at the characterization of the adipose tissue secretome rather than the adipocyte cell secretome. The presence of serum proteins and intracellular proteins from damaged cells, released during culture, may dramatically influence the dynamic range of the sample and thereby identification of secreted proteins. Part of the study was therefore dedicated to the influence of the culture setup on the quality of the final sample. Visceral adipose tissue was cultured in five experimental setups, and the quality of resulting samples was evaluated in terms of protein concentration and protein composition. The best setup involved one wash after the 1st h in culture followed by two or three additional washes within an 8-h period, starting after overnight culture. Thereafter tissue was maintained in culture for an additional 48 -114 h to obtain the final sample. For the secretome experiment, explants were cultured in media containing L-[ 13 C 6 , 15 N 2 ]lysine to validate the origin of the identified proteins (adipose tissue-or serum-derived). In total, 259 proteins were identified with >99% confidence. 108 proteins contained a secretion signal peptide of which 70 incorporated the label and were considered secreted by adipose tissue. These proteins were classified into five categories according to function. This is the first study on the (human) adipose tissue secretome. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the role of adipose tissue in whole body energy metabolism and related diseases. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 6: 589 -600, 2007.

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(i) the presence of a C-terminal cell-wall-anchoring motif causing similar expression problems in Escherichia coli, (ii) a relatively high optimum temperature for activity for FTF enzymes, and (iii) at 50 6C, kinetics that are best described by the Hill equation.

Background: PPAR␣ is an important regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism via target gene regulation. Results: HILPDA is regulated by PPAR␣ via an upstream PPRE. Targeted overexpression of HILPDA increases hepatic triglyceride storage via reduction of TG secretion. Conclusion: HILPDA is a novel PPAR␣ target involved in hepatic triglyceride secretion. Significance: HILPDA might be a potential target in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.