No abstract

The role of particular virulence factors of Trueperella pyogenes that determine different pyogenic infections among domestic animals is poorly understood. Eight putative virulence genes and genotype profiles of 71 isolates were investigated among different clinical manifestations in domestic animals. The most common genes were plo (71/71 = 100·0%), fimA (70/71 = 98·6%), nanP (56/71 = 78·9%), fimE (53/71 = 74·6%), fimC (46/71 = 64·8%) and nanH (45/71 = 63·4%), whereas plo/fimA/fimE/fimC/nanH/nanP (17/71 = 23·9%), plo/fimA/fimE/nanH/nanP (13/71 = 18·3%), and plo/fimA/fimE/fimC/nanP (11/71 = 15·5%) were the most frequent genotypes. Studies involving virulence factors are critical in the investigation of molecular epidemiology, pathogenicity, and hypothetical differences in the virulence among T. pyogenes strains from different geographical areas.

the aim of the present review is to highlight the threats to human health posed by consumption of milk and dairy products. the interest in drinking raw milk has been growing in some societies as many people believe it has health benefits. Raw milk is promoted as 'health food' despite the fact that it poses a realistic microbiological hazard for the consumers' health or life. Food-borne disease outbreaks associated with Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis, Mycobacterium bovis and tick-borne encephalitis virus have been traced to the consumption of raw milk, however, many other microorganisms that can be present in milk are considered as potential food-borne pathogens to humans. the other common causative agents in food-borne disease outbreaks are bacterial toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium and Staphylococcus spp. some of the milk pathogens harbour antimicrobial resistant genes, which can be transferred to commensal bacteria. most dangerous are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended spectrum beta lactamase/Ampc gene-carrying bacteria from the family of Enterobacteriaceae, which might negatively affect the treatment of infections in humans. Fungi are not considered as food-borne pathogens for humans, however their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, constitute a potential threat to public health. mycotoxins or their metabolites detected so far in milk samples include aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and its metabolites, fumonisins, de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol and cyclopiazonic acid. key words: public health, milk, food-borne pathogens, enterotoxins, mycotoxins Milk and dairy products are important in the diet of humans, because they are a source of numerous essential nutrients such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals (van Hooijdonk and Hettinga, 2015). A significant share in worldwide milk production is represented by milk from ruminants such as cattle (85.4%), buffalo (11.1%), goat (2.1%), sheep (1.4%) and camel (0.2%) (Gerosa and Skoet, 2012). Milk production by yak (ruminant), horse and donkey (equids) is estimated as less *This study was funded from statutory funds related to the project entitled "Research on the occurence and toxity of secondary metabolites of moulds and identification of organisms by molecular biology methods". Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/8/18 7:22 AM

Rates of hybridization between wild and domesticated animals appear to be increasing worldwide. Recent results suggest that genetic introgression from domestic swine into European wild boar is much more common in local populations than expected, based on pan-European studies. Thus, we screened the genetic purity of 265 free-living wild boars from two hunting areas in Poland by genotyping the melanocortin receptor 1 gene (MC1R) for polymorphism. Unexpectedly, high numbers of individuals with domestic genes (24%) were identified. This suggests that mixed ancestry may be common in Polish wild boar. Among admixed individuals, backcrosses with domestic pig and/or introgressed wild boars were detected (2%). Multiple commercial domestic pig breeds are possibly involved in the introgression observed in the study populations. In addition, the absence of significant differences in the frequency of wildtype allele among two hunting areas suggests high dispersal of individuals and gene flow among populations. We conclude that further study is needed to better understand the mechanisms and sources of introgression in wild boars in Poland.

In recent years, biological tests have been developed based on cell cultures and successfully used to the hygienic assess of a variety of samples. In vitro assays become the complement of conventional chemical methods. They do not narrow the results only to the quantitative and qualitative information on toxic substances, but also increase knowledge on the direct impact on the organism. They are also an alternative for animal testing, which are currently given up for ethical reasons. At present, the market is steadily increasing in the number of tests and bio-assay techniques. Based on our own studies we conclude that the MTT test is perfect as a diagnostic method for evaluating the cytotoxicity of materials of different composition such as mycotoxins, pesticides, bacterial cultures, moulds isolates, food, feed, as well as a vast spectrum of other environmental samples.