Background: Chrysophyllum albidum is a medicinal plant that belongs to the Sapotaceae family. This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial activities of the leaves, seeds and fruits of Chrysophyllum albidum.Materials and Methods: The fruits, leaves and seeds of Chrysophyllum albidum were extracted with distilled water, Seaman's Schnapps, Methanol and Petroleum ether using cold extraction. These extracts were tested on various organisms. Antimicrobial activities of the various extracts were determined using the agar well diffusion technique to detect the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).Results and Discussion: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by all the extracts at MIC between 32µg/ml to 512µg/ml except Seaman's Schnapps leaves and petroleum ether seed extract. The fruit extracts had a high antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms. The extracts from Seaman's Schnapps had little activity while the aqueous extracts had MIC ranging from 64-512µg/ml on most of the organisms tested. The statistical analysis of the extracts indicated P-value of 0.122 for Aqueous extracts, which was statistically insignificant compared to 0.003 for Methanolic extracts and 0.001 for Seaman's Schnapps extracts in the inhibition pattern of the extracts. Aqueous extracts showed more inhibitory activity than Methanolic and Seaman's Schnaps extracts.

Background: Hospital-acquired infections constitute a significant challenge to patient safety due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria have proved to be one of the major leading causes of hospital-acquired infections linked to high morbidity and mortality. The hospital environment serves as a reservoir for MDR bacteria. This study, therefore, investigates the burden of MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections from the hospital environment. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Two hundred swab samples were collected from different environmental sources at four public hospitals environment in Lagos, Nigeria. Samples were cultured on 5% blood agar and MacConkey agar (OXOID). Isolates were identified with biochemical tests and confirmed using the VITEK 2 System with the VITEK 2GN identification card (bioMe´rieux, Durham, NC), following the manufacturer’s directions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was detected with the double-disk synergy test. A Modified Hodge test was used to detect carbapenemase production. Multidrug resistance was inferred from resistance to three classes of antibiotics. Results: Fifty-nine bacterial isolates were recovered from hospital environmental samples. Thirty (50.8%) were Gram-negative, while 49.2% were Gram-positive. Klebsiella pneumoniae (40%), Escherichia coli isolates (36.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%), Acinetobacter baumannii (6.7%) and Proteus mirabilis (6.7%) were isolated. Twenty (66.7%) isolates were multidrug-resistant to three classes of antibiotics. Nine different antibiotic resistance patterns were observed, and five were characterized as multi-drug resistant. Nineteen isolates (63%) produced ESBL, and 27 (90%) were resistant to meropenem, with 6.7% positive for carbapenemase. Conclusion: Inanimate surfaces are a major environmental reservoir for MDR Gram-negative bacteria in healthcare facilities..