Bone tissue engineering has been a fast growing area recently. It suggests a novel and talented method for bone regeneration. The aim of the current work is to produce nanofiber scaffolds based on starch/ collagen/ polycaprolactone (PCL) biomaterials by means of an electrospinning methodology for bone tissue engineering purposes. The results showed that the developed structures have good physicochemical and interconnected properties that could be considered for bone tissues engineering. The results from the characterization specified that the nanofibers were successfully prepared with monodispersed nanosized diameter (60 nm), uniform network shaped morphology and negative surface charge (-13.5 mV). Besides, the applied method can be set up to prepare fiber-based structures using other polymeric materials. We believe that by incorporating different materials to reduce the degradation rate of the fibers, it can be matched with the speed of tissue regeneration. In this case, the prepared nanofibers can be used as the membrane biomaterials, for example, guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane.

Cartilage lesions are common conditions, affecting elderly and non-athletic populations. Despite recent advances, cartilage regeneration remains a major challenge today. The absence of an inflammatory response following damage and the inability of stem cells to penetrate into the healing site due to the absence of blood and lymph vessels are assumed to hinder joint repair. Stem cell-based regeneration and tissue engineering have opened new horizons for treatment. With advances in biological sciences, especially stem cell research, the function of various growth factors in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation has been established. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from different tissues have been shown to increase into therapeutically relevant cell numbers and differentiate into mature chondrocytes. As MSCs can differentiate and become engrafted inside the host, they are considered suitable candidates for cartilage regeneration. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) provide a novel and non-invasive source of MSCs. Due to their simple isolation, chondrogenic differentiation potential, and minimal immunogenicity, they can be an interesting option for cartilage regeneration. Recent studies have reported that SHED-derived secretome contains biomolecules and compounds that efficiently promote regeneration in damaged tissues, including cartilage. Overall, this review highlighted the advances and challenges of cartilage regeneration using stem cell-based therapies by focusing on SHED.

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