We document recent trends in gender equality in employment and wages in Spain. Despite an impressive decline in the gender gap in employment, females are still less likely to work than males: about 76 % of working age males and 63 % of working age females were employed in 2010. If females work they are more likely to be employed part time and with temporary contracts. The large increase in female employment, from 28 % in 1977 to 63 % in 2010, was accompanied by a significant decline in fertility. The gender gap in wages, after controlling for worker and job characteristics as well as for selection, is high. It was about 20 % in 2010, quite close to its value in 1994. Furthermore, the gender gap in wages is driven mainly by differences in returns to individual characteristics. While women are more qualified than men in observable labor market characteristics, they end up earning less. There have been several important policy changes that try to help families reconcile family SERIEs (2014) 5:61-103 responsibilities with market work. The existing literature suggests that households do react to incentives generated by different policies and policy changes are at least partly responsible for changes in female labor supply. In recent decades, the large inflow of immigrants, who provided relatively cheap household services, allowed more educated women to enter the labor market. Policy challenges, however, remain.

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This paper explores the impact of the 2007 European Union enlargement on the consumption behaviour of immigrant households. Using data from a unique Italian survey and a difference-indifferences approach, we find that the enlargement induced a significant consumption increase for the immigrant households from new member states both in the short and in the medium run. This enlargement effect cannot be attributed to the mere legalization as it concerns both undocumented and documented immigrants, albeit through different channels. Detailed information on immigrants' legal status (undocumented/documented) and sector of employment (informal/formal) allows us to shed light on the exact mechanisms. Following the enlargement, previously undocumented immigrants experienced an increase in the labour income by moving from

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Abstract:This paper focuses on young adults living with their parents in the U.S. and studies from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent friends on the coresidence of young adults with thei peer effects in a static framework and employ an instrumental variable technique and effects in order to mitigate them. We then move to a dynamic leaving the parental home among peers. Our results indicate that there are statistically signi the nest-leaving behavior of young adults. of young adults with their parents. We address the challenges in the identifi ects in a static framework and employ an instrumental variable technique and control for state fi ects in order to mitigate them. We then move to a dynamic framework and exploit differences in the timing of peers. Our results indicate that there are statistically signi leaving behavior of young adults., living arrangements, leaving parental homeWe are grateful to Nezih Guner for his valuable advice and guidance. Many thanks to David Card,