Background information: The phytochemicals of endophytes have generated substantial interest in drug discovery programs because they offer the possibility of discovering new biologically active molecules. Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify and analyze the phytochemical profile of the fungus endophytic extracts isolated from Azadirachta indica leaves, which have been used ethnobotanically for treating malaria and bacterial infections. Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated, solid-state fermentation of rice medium was performed, and secondary metabolites were extracted according to standard techniques. An analytical system that uses gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to determine the phytochemical constituents contained in the endophytes. Results: The results of GC-FID analysis showed the presence of Ribalinidine, Naringenin, Sparteine, Phenol, Steroids, Kaempferol, Flavone, Oxalate, Catechin, Tannin, and Rutin at different concentrations. Conclusion: This study reveals the promising ability of the endophytic fungi of A. indica as a foundation of naturally occurring bioactive. The quantitative phytochemical assessment of the endophyte extracts from the leaves of A.indica showed that endophyte extracts from the plant are rich in both alkaloids and flavonoids (Phenolics). Keywords: GC-FID, Phytochemical, Endophytes, Secondary metabolites, Fermentation.

Background: Endophytes are symbiotic microorganisms that reside in their hosts. Phytochemicals of endophytes have generated significant interest in drug discovery due to their potentials towards the elucidation of new biologically active molecules. Objectives: The study was aimed to evaluate the antimalarial potentials and toxicity profile of endophytic extracts of A. indica leaves. Method: Endophytic extract was isolated from Azadirachta indica leaves using standard extraction protocols. The extract was screened for its potential antimalarial activities using Peter's curative test method, acute (LD50) and chronic toxicity. The chronic toxicity was assessed by evaluating the effect of extracts on the following parameters: AST, ALP, ALT, BUN, creatinine levels, PCV, HB, and RBC. The endophytic extract was subjected to prophylactic antimalarial assay using Peter's prophylactic test method, and ED50 was determined. Results: The endophytic extract screened for antimalarial activity showed significant activity (p<0.05). At 150 mg/kg/day, the extract displayed a dose-dependent parasitemia clearance of Plasmodium berghei by 89% and suppressed parasitemia with ED50 of 333.33 mg/kg. The LD50 was >5000 mg/ kg and showed no evidence of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and haematotoxicity. Conclusion: Endophytic extract of A. indica have potent antimalarial activity with no hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and haematotoxicity.

Justicia secunda is used locally for wound healing, anemia, abdominal pain, etc. Endophytes are reported to produce bioactive metabolites. The study aimed to perform pharmacognostic analysis and evaluate the effect of endophytic extract of J. secunda on human sickle haemoglobin and polymerization inhibition. Plant samples were collected and dried under shade, pulverized. Chemomicroscopy was conducted. After surface sterilization, samples were air dried, cut into sizes and aseptically cultivated on sterile malt extract agar plates, incubated at 25-28 ºC for 4-7 days. Pure endophytic fungi were fermented on rice medium. With ethical approval, blood samples were collected from the sickle cell individuals. HbSS polymerization was assessed by the turbidity of the mixture at 700 nm. There was significant percentage antisickling of 63.22% at 5 mg/mL, 53.90% at 2.5 mg/mL and 50.44% at 1.25 mg/mL of the endophytic extracts. The endophytic extract (LB2) reduced sickled cells compared to the control. The polymerization was reduced from 1.880-1.839 by the 5% w/v extract, 1.587 to 1.534 by 2.5%w/v extract etc., in more than 30 min. The endophyte extract of J. secunda may be used in managing anaemia in patients with sickle cell disease.

Background: Endophyte phytochemicals have piqued interest in drug development programs due to their enormous potential for assisting in the discovery of novel biologically active compounds. Aim and objectives: The study was aimed to isolate, evaluate the antimicrobial properties and characterize the secondary metabolites of Curvularia lunata endophyte isolated from A. indica. Method: C. lunata isolated from A. indica leaves using standard extraction protocols were screened for their potential antimicrobial activities using agar diffusion well method. HPLC-DAD, GC-FID, GC-MS, and FTIR techniques were used to characterize secondary metabolites. Results: At 1 mg/mL, growth inhibition of bacteria by the extracts of C. lunata were observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans with zones of inhibition diameters of 6, 5, 4, and 4 mm respectively.  The vacuum liquid chromatography sub-fraction of the extract showed the best antimicrobial activity. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of 2-carboxymethyl-3-n-hexylmaleic acid anhydride and aspernigin A. GC-FID analysis showed remarkably high concentrations of flavonones and catechins. The results of GC-MS analysis also showed the presence of hexadecanoic acid, and 1,6-Anhydro-beta-D-glucopyranose. FTIR results established the presence of functional groups like carboxylic acids, which may be associated with some of the detected compounds. Conclusion: C. lunata (OM337582) extract of A. indica have potent antimicrobial activity which could be related to a high content of flavonoids and alkaloids. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Azadirachta indica, HPLC-DAD, Chromatography, Curvularia lunata.