Purpose Poultry agro-industry generates huge amounts of solid wastes, such as poultry litter (PL) and feathers. Feathers, possessing a substantial amount of organic nitrogen, are mainly converted into feather meal (FM) through the hydrothermal process; however, microbial conversion into feather hydrolysates (FH) is increasingly being focused on. Since waste management strategies include the use of organic wastes as soil fertilizer, PL, FM, and FH were evaluated as fertilizers for lettuce in comparison to urea. Methods Lettuce seedlings were transplanted to soil pots containing FH, obtained through feathers' bioconversion by Bacillus sp. CL18, FM, PL, urea, and unfertilized controls. Partial chemical characterization of FH, FP, and PL was performed. Fertilization treatments were applied to reach 180 kg N/ha. Growth, dry biomass, and chlorophyll contents of lettuce were evaluated to indicate fertilizer performance. Results After 60 days of greenhouse lettuce cultivation, leaves per plant were superior after FH treatment. Lettuce fertilized with urea and FH presented higher and similar foliar areas. FH treatment resulted in increased dry weight (DW) of leaves, which then decreased in the order urea > FM > MM ~ controls > PL. Dry weight of leaves and roots was 33% and 64% higher with FH than with urea. Leaf total chlorophyll content was higher with FH, but similar to urea and FM. Lettuce growth was negatively affected by PL when compared to controls. Conclusion FH, obtained from microbial processing of abundant and inexpensive feathers, could be a candidate N-rich fertilizer for lettuce cultivation.
. Modeling zinc and copper movement in an Oxisol under longterm pig slurry amendments. Vadose Zone J.
Com vistas a viabilizar alternativas de manejo da cultura do arroz irrigado objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar diferentes sistemas de manejo da palha de azevém e da aplicação da adubação de base em relação à concentração de nutrientes na solução do solo em três locais. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, no ano agrícola de 2000/01. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em parcelas sub-subdivididas, com três fatores: a) manejo da resteva de azevém em três níveis (i) planta de azevém em pé, (ii) planta de azevém incorporada e (iii) sem a planta de azevém; b) épocas de aplicação da adubação para o arroz com fósforo e potássio em três níveis (i) sem adubação, (ii) adubação aplicada na semeadura do azevém e (iii) adubação aplicada na semeadura do arroz e, c) três locais de coleta da solução do solo: (i) na superfície do solo (lâmina de irrigação), (ii) a 3 cm de profundidade e (iii) a 30 cm de profundidade nos minilisímetros sem drenagem. A incorporação da palha de azevém aumenta a concentração de potássio na lâmina de água e contribui para a percolação dos nutrientes: cálcio, magnésio, manganês, sódio e zinco no perfil. Os resultados demonstram que as concentrações de cálcio, manganês, ferro, magnésio, sódio, potássio e zinco na lâmina de água de irrigação, na cultura do arroz, não atingem os níveis críticos de contaminação ambiental estabelecidos pela lei.
Soil management and crop rotation are key factors in controlling the accumulation of C and N in the soil profile, but their long-term effect remains poorly understood for deep soil layers, especially in subtropical conditions. Using a long-term experiment (26-years), this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different soil management systems associated with different winter cover crops on C and N accumulation in a very clayey (72 % clay) soil up to 1 m deep. Two tillage systems [conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT)] were cultivated with eight winter cover crops (black oat, rye, common vetch, hairy vetch, oilseed radish, wheat, blue lupine, and fallow) in a subtropical Oxisol from Southern Brazil. Soil samples were taken in eight soil layers up to 1.00 m soil depth after 26 years of experiment and, also from an adjacent native forest. After forest clearing, the C stock in the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer was reduced by 45 % in only 10 years (from 1976 to 1986) of soil tillage. Twenty-six years after the beginning of the experiment, C and N stock in 0.00-0.20 m soil layer were 13 and 20 % higher in NT compared to CT, with the greatest differences in C and N content observed in the 0.00-0.05 m layer. When associated with winter cover crops, NT accumulated 0.6 and 0.06 Mg ha-1 yr-1 more C and N than CT with winter fallow in the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer. No-tillage and CT recovered 95 and 83 %, respectively, of the C stock found in the 0.00-0.20 m layer from the native forest. However, in the 0.00-1.00 m soil layer, the positive effect of NT on soil C accumulation compared to CT was diluted, and no clear effect of NT was verified. Moreover, no difference in winter cover crops on soil C and N stocks were observed in all soil layers, possibly due to their similar residues input (3.3-4.9 Mg ha-1 yr-1). No-tillage associated with high biomass input through winter cover crops promoted a faster recovery of soil C and N stock than in CT and, therefore, is an efficient tool to improve soil C and N accumulation even in Oxisols with high clay content.
Sistemas com mínimo revolvimento do solo são favoráveis ao controle de plantas daninhas, à utilização mais intensiva dos solos de várzea e à rentabilidade do orizicultor, mas apresentam algumas limitações, como a produção de substâncias que podem ser tóxicas ao arroz, bem como alterações na disponibilidade de nutrientes em ambientes alagados. O trabalho teve como objetivo comparar diferentes sistemas de manejo da palha de azevém, da adubação de base, e da drenagem, no rendimento de grãos de arroz e nos componentes da produção. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foram avaliados três níveis de manejo da resteva de azevém (planta de azevém em pé, planta de azevém incorporada e sem a planta de azevém), três condições de adubação (sem adubação, adubação do arroz 100% aplicada na semeadura do azevém e adubação do arroz 100% aplicada na semeadura do arroz) e dois manejos da água de drenagem (inundação convencional em condições de campo e inundação sem drenagem). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, na cultura do arroz irrigado por inundação, a incorporação da palha de azevém e a aplicação da adubação para o arroz na semeadura do azevém não afetam o rendimento de grãos e os componentes da produção. Entretanto, a ausência de drenagem interna no solo reduz o rendimento de grãos de arroz, o número de panículas e o número de grãos por panícula.
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